What scientific events can we expect in 2017?
December 27, 2016 Source: Nature Natural Science Research
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If the United States withdraws from the climate agreement as promised by President-elect Trump, China, the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases, may assume leadership responsibility for mitigating climate change. The China National Carbon Emissions Trading Scheme, which aims to limit greenhouse gas emissions, may be introduced later in 2017. In the past three years, global greenhouse gas emissions have reached a stable level; with the help of stagnant economic growth and advances in green technology, some scientists also hope that the level of emissions in 2017 will be reduced. Data from the Southern Ocean Machinery Detector should reveal how much carbon dioxide is absorbed by the vast ocean that surrounds Antarctica.
Political aftermath
Last year’s elections and referendums sparked a huge political shock, and in 2017 they will bear witness to the results of these elections. After Trump became president of the United States on January 20, researchers should be more aware of whether his government would really cut off NASA's climate and geoscience projects and withdraw human embryonic stem cell research licenses. In March 2017, the UK will open formal negotiations to withdraw from the EU, which may have a huge impact on research. From April onwards, as France and Germany continue to hold presidential elections, scientists will also test whether the West's enthusiasm for populism will continue.
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return
China’s No. 5 lunar exploration mission will return the first lunar samples since the 1970s. If the mission is successful, the two kilograms of rock and soil collected on the 5th should expand research on the formation and evolution of the moon. In September, the 20-year-old NASA Cassini probe is about to be retired. The Cassini detector will fly into the inner ring of Saturn, and the researchers hope it will send back a lot of data before the disintegration in Saturn's atmosphere.
Inner world
In 2017, there will be more research on the health effects of the human microbiome (viruses, bacteria and other microorganisms and their genes in humans), and the researchers will examine the role of the microbiome in brain development and cancer. The results of the second phase of the US Human Microbiome Project will also be announced next year. This project focuses on the relationship between human microbiota and premature birth, inflammatory bowel disease and type 2 diabetes.
The virus is part of the human microbiome. Jezper/Alamy
Genetic dispute
US courts may decide on the CRISPR-Cas9 patent dispute between the University of California at Berkeley and the Bode Institute. Institutions that have acquired the right to invent this gene editing technology can earn billions of dollars in patent licensing fees. Based on the results of subsequent research, the fate of the competitors of the CRISPR–Cas9 system and the NgAgo gene editing system, which has been difficult to repeat, will also be revealed. In the UK, clinics can now apply for a license to implement a controversial assisted reproductive technology that mixes DNA from three people to prevent infants from inheriting diseases from maternal mitochondria (the structure that makes energy in cells).
Quantum hegemony
Physicists hope that in 2017, quantum computers will be able to perform calculations that even top-level classic computers can't. Google, D-wave, and other technology companies have joined the battle for quantum hegemony, but they are not the only players to climb the new peak in computing. Microsoft is developing an ambitious alternative technology, topological quantum computing, which encodes information about particle-like motion in materials, perhaps more robust than competitive methods. Microsoft may be able to successfully perform calculations for the first time in late 2017.
Illuminate the black hole
In April, scientists will try to capture the event horizon for the first time. Nine radio telescopes around the world will cooperate to act as a global observation array, the Event Vision Telescope. It will observe the supermassive black holes in the center of the Milky Way. If they try to succeed, these images should help test the general theory of relativity and clarify the behavior of black holes. At the same time, the Laser Interferometric Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) and the Virgo Interferometer team will usher in the first advanced joint operation, allowing researchers to lock the source of gravitational waves to specific galaxies.
Miracle material
In the second half of 2017, low-priced, thin-thick solar cells will open the market and begin to step out of the lab. The efficiency of perovskite-based solar cells has been significantly improved since 2009, but until recently, researchers have made significant progress in overcoming some of the serious shortcomings of this material, including stability and toxicity. At the same time, they are also driving the decline in battery production costs. With the investment of 1.2 billion euros in the European X-ray free electron laser project in Hamburg, Germany, the field of materials science will also be boosted: this device allows researchers to study transient chemical reactions, as well as biology and physics under atomic scale details. process.
Blue ice ocean
The world's largest marine protected area will enter the protection period in December 2017, when commercial fishing and mineral mining will be banned in parts of the Ross Sea in Antarctica. In another part of Antarctica, a large iceberg may collapse from the Larsen Ice Shelf, narrowing the ice and snow of the Larsen Ice Shelf to the lowest point since its discovery in 1893. In warmer regions, research on coral bleaching events that have prevailed over the past few years will reveal why corals in some areas have survived relatively well.
Warming in Antarctica has accelerated the disappearance of the ice. Mario Tama/Getty
T cell counterattack
CAR-T, an unprecedented cancer immunotherapy, seems to be gaining momentum and will enter the market. Two pharmaceutical companies, Kite Pharma and Novartis, are stepping up their license for the treatment. CAR-T therapy requires genetic modification of T cells in the patient's immune system and uses them to fight cancer. Although the toxicity of this therapy has led to patient death in some companies, CAR-T is still expected to be approved in 2017 as a last resort for patients with leukemia and lymphoma.
Ninth planet
The exploration of the external solar system may help us to lock in the position of the ninth largest planet. In the imagination of scientists, it is a huge planet that orbits the sun every 20,000 years or so. Previously, there was little evidence of the existence of this planet, but a study in 2016 found that the behavior of some Kuiper-banded celestial bodies (cold objects far beyond Pluto's orbit) suggests the existence of the ninth largest planet. After NASA's transit outer planet satellite (TESS) was launched in December 2017, humans will add another hunter to search for exoplanets.
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