Yam, also known as yams, yam eggs, yam, etc., is a herbaceous perennial plant that is used for underground tubers. The nutritional value of yam is high. It has the functions of strengthening the spleen, invigorating the lungs, fixing the kidney, and benefiting the essence, and has therapeutic effects on some diseases of the elderly. The market demand has been increasing year by year.
Shanting District of Zaozhuang City, Shandong Province, has promoted high-yield yam cultivation techniques since 2003, achieving a high and stable yield of yam. Generally, the output of 667 square meters was over 6,000 kilograms, the high-yield field was 6,500 kilograms, and the highest yield per plant was 13.60 kilograms. . The outlines of the shank high-yield matching techniques in Shanting District are summarized below.
First, choose good breeds.
To produce high-quality yam, it is advisable to use Zhenping Yam, crude beef yam, Nongdachang Yam No. 1, Nongdabian Yam No. 1 and Nongda University for disease resistance, strong stress resistance, water resistance, high yield, good quality, and storage stability. There are no new varieties of yam, Japanese white yam, idyllic yam, flower seed yam, and Japanese Yamato wolfberry.
Second, choose the plot.
The land with high topography, convenient drainage and irrigation, and sheltered from the sun is selected; the groundwater level is required to be 4 meters or less, the plow layer is more than 20 centimeters thick, the soil contains 2% organic matter, and sandy loam with 0.15% nitrogen is a high-yielding field. The yam extremely avoid continuous cropping, especially heavy ditch planting, can easily cause serious diseases, and will reduce production due to soil nutrient imbalance. According to the survey, continuous production for two years reduced production by more than 30%, and continued production for 4 years to reduce production by 40% to 50%.
Third, trenching and fertilization.
Deep plowing 30 cm before winter to promote soil maturity. In mid-February of the following year, trenches were drilled at a spacing of 0.9 to 1 meter, with a ditch depth of 1.4 meters and a width of 0.25 meters. Immediately after digging, backfill the soil in the ditch. When filling, pay attention to clean out the mud in the ditch. Each backfill is 30 centimeters thick and pressed once to prevent the collapse of the surface during the rainy season, and it is also possible to avoid bending and deforming of the tubers after the yam is planted. After the ditch is filled with the remaining soil and decomposed good quality ring fertilizer, the soil fertilizer is mixed in a 2:1 ratio, 0.5m wide at the trenching site, and a 0.4m high earth ridge prevents the rainwater from entering the ditch and causing collapse. In general, each 667 square meters will be cooked and cooked with 100,000 kilograms of quality circle fertilizer and chicken manure, 150 kilograms of cake fertilizer, 50 kilograms of superphosphate and 200 kilograms of plant ash. The fertilization method is to apply the fertilizer evenly to the middle of the two ridges, turn it into the soil with a hoe, and use the foot to level it. Then, according to the topography and landform, do a good job of supporting the field water system in order to facilitate drainage or flooding in the dry season.
Fourth, choose seed soaking.
In the selection and soaking of yam, it is necessary to take a good "four levels." The first is "selection", which is to choose the upper tuber with a bright color and diameter of more than 3 cm reserved before winter, or the upper end of the tuber as a stem, the stem length is 35-40 cm. Requirements no mold, no spots, no rot. Seed quality is superior to finished yam with yams, and the yield difference is greater. The second is “cuttingâ€. In mid-March, the upper segment of the tuber was cut to a length of 15 to 20 cm. The lime powder was then applied to the incision and dried in 3 to 5 sunny days. The third is “difficultiesâ€, that is to put the cut yam on the outdoors and use the sunshine
Shoot for 5 to 7 days to increase the bound water content of the seeds and promote the formation of callus. The fourth is “soakingâ€, soak the stems with a solution of 40% carbendazim gel suspension 300 times for 15 minutes before planting, remove and dry them and plant them.
Fifth, planting cover film.
Shandong Lunan region should be planted at the end of March and early April. Plant spacing 0.23 ~ 0.25 meters, planting density of 2600 ~ 2900 per 667 square meters. The method of planting the stems is to ditch the earth ridges. The ditch depth is 10 cm, the stems or mouths are laid flat in the ditch, and the earth is covered with 5 cm thick. After the solid leveling, the mulch is covered. According to a number of surveys, the mulching film can emerge as early as 15 days, with neat emergence, fast growth of stems and leaves, and 33 days ahead of the full shelf life.
Sixth, elevated cultivation.
Only one seedling of one yam seedling is planted. If there are several seedlings, a robust vine should be selected when it grows 7 to 8 centimeters long and the rest will be removed. From April 10 to 20, when the yam germination was 5 to 9 cm, the seedlings were broken and the seedlings were released in time, and the film was kept warm to prevent burning and sprouting. When the height of vines is 30 cm, take a herringbone stand in time to support the vine. The height of the stand is 1.5 to 1.6 meters for ventilation and light transmission. When the yam bean is produced, if it is not used, it should be erased as soon as possible. Increasing the height of the scaffold can effectively increase the leaf area coefficient and yield. From 2004 to 2007, the height of the scaffold was 1.6 meters higher than the rack 0.5 meters, and the area coefficient of the 1 meter treated leaf was increased by 1.5 times and 0.7 times respectively; yam yield per 667 square meters was increased by 56.4% and 24.7% respectively.
Seven, covered wheat straw.
In the middle and late June, covering 20 cm thick wheat straw between the rows, the amount of grass cover is about 400 kg/667 square meters, which can effectively eliminate weeds and protect against drought. According to the survey, there are 2 weeds per square meter of ryegrass, but the control is as high as 46. The water content of the plough layer soil of 0-20 cm is 18.17%. The control was 15.41%.
Eight, fertilizer management.
After the emergence of yam, seedlings should be given suitable seedlings depending on the seedling condition. In general, 20 kg of ammonium bicarbonate can be applied per 667 square meters, and 15 kg of superphosphate. In mid-June, when the vines and potato stalks enter the growing season and underground tubers begin to expand rapidly, generally 25 kg of ammonium bicarbonate, 20 kg of superphosphate, and 50 kg of plant ash should be applied per 667 square meters. In mid-August, according to the plant growth and appearance, pest control can be carried out by spraying 1% urea and 0.25% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on the foliage, spraying once every 10 days, and spraying 3 to 4 times continuously to prevent plants. Premature aging. In the management of watering of yams, we should pay attention to keep the soil moist in the growing season of tubers, but not in the drought.
Nine, disease prevention and pest control.
Before spraying the vines, 300 times more zein zinc is applied to the stem base to prevent anthrax. Spray once every 7 to 10 days, about 2 or 3 times. In the event of heavy rain or continuous rain in the middle of July, additional spraying should be carried out immediately after the weather turns fine.
In addition, special attention should be paid to the prevention and control of underground pests such as earthworms, earthworms, and leafhoppers. The larvae, floor tigers, and third instar larvae are packed with 500 times 50% phoxim and fresh paulownia leaf baits in the evening, with 120 piles per 667 square meters and 50 to 100 grams per pile. Insect leaf bees should be based on their living habits for comprehensive prevention and control: 1 fine soil preparation eliminate winter scorpion. 2Improve the extent of the microclimate in the field. 3 Kill larvae and eggs. 4 Foliar spraying was performed with 90% crystals of trichlorfon 1000 times and 20% linoleac 4 ml at the time of adult emergence and egg hatching.
Ten, timely mining.
In late October, the yam ground stems basically stopped growing, and the dead leaves of the yam should be excavated in time to avoid deterioration.
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