Every cell in our body is like a city of hustle and bustle, with a lot of water, a library, a factory, a power station, and a garbage dump. Workers in the city are protein machines that metabolize food, remove waste, and repair DNA. The goods are transported from one place to the other by a molecular machine with two legs along the protein wire rope. While these machines are busy, they are hit by a large number of water molecules around them at a frequency of hundreds of millions of times per second. The physicist called it euphemism "hot movement", which is actually more appropriate for the heat riot.
No one knows how molecules can work in this unbearable environment. Part of the answer is that the protein in our body is like a tiny ratchet, turning the random energy brought about by the bombardment of water molecules into a directional movement that makes the cells work. They turn chaos into order.
Four years ago, I published a book called Ratchet of Life, explaining how molecules create order in cells. What I care most about is how life avoids getting into chaos. To my great surprise, this book was published, and many scientists who studied biological aging contacted me. At first I didn't understand what the connection was. As for aging, I have no idea what else I know about my physical changes.
Later, I suddenly realized that because of the emphasis on the role of heat chaos in molecular activities, I let the scientists who study aging begin to see it as the driving force behind aging. Thermal activity may seem beneficial in the short term, allowing molecules to remain active, but will it be harmful in the long run? After all, random heat movements tend to destroy order without external energy input.
This situation is recorded in the second law of thermodynamics, that is, everything will age and die: buildings and roads will be broken; ships and railroads will rust; the sea will become mulberry. Inanimate structures are always against the ravages of thermodynamics. However, life is different: proteins continue to repair and renew cells.
In this sense, life has brought biology and physics into a desperate confrontation. Why do creatures die? Does aging mean the ultimate victory of physics overwhelming creatures? Or is aging itself a part of living things?
If modern aging research has a pioneering work, Peter Medawa’s "Unsolved Mystery of Biology" may be well deserved. Medawa is a biologist who won the Nobel Prize and is a witty and even sharp writer. In "Unsolved Mystery of Biology", Medawa will oppose the two interpretations of aging: one side is "inherent aging", that is, aging as a biological necessity. On the other hand, it is the aging "wear" theory, that is, the aging caused by the "circulation stress accumulation effect". The former is biology and the latter is physics.
Intrinsic aging means that aging and death are determined by evolution, with the goal of giving up space for future generations. Intrinsic aging suggests that there is a clock in our body that is counting down on life. Such a clock does exist. The best known is the telomere. Each time a cell divides, small fragments of these DNA become shorter. Research on telomeres is still controversial: scientists are not sure whether telomere shortening is the cause or effect of aging. Telomeres are not shortened by constants - they are shorter if cells are damaged. Many researchers today are more inclined to believe that telomere shortening is a symptom of aging, not the cause of aging.
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