Finishing methods include grazing and fattening. (1) Grazing fattening methods Yaks are transferred to the fattening stage after weaning to carry out grazing and fattening feeding, and appropriate feeding of forage materials during the grazing process. The length of the grazing and finishing period is related to the type of cattle, pasture, feeding and management and other conditions. The experience of the cattle farms in the Hebei paddock field in spring is suitable for spring calving grazing and winter feeding. By the fall of the following year, the live weight of crossbred cattle can reach 300 kg, and the whole period is about 18 months. If grazing and rearing for two winters, it will be extended to 2.5 years old can be slaughtered. This not only reduces the slaughter rate, but also raises the cost of raising the animals. The characteristics of growth and development of cattle are: after birth, under full-breeding conditions, the growth rate is faster before 12 months of age, and then gradually slows down, especially when it reaches sexual maturity. Therefore, the slaughter age of beef cattle is sub-. It is more suitable for 5 to 2 years old and no more than 2.5 years old at the latest. Grazing fattening can make full use of natural resources and save feed. In the later stages of grazing and fattening, short-term feeding can also be used to promote weight gain and early slaughter. In order to rationally use grassland and increase the utilization rate of grassland, the pastoral land can be divided into several communities to grazing in rotation. The number of plots and the duration of the first round of grazing should be determined according to the growth conditions of grass, generally to ensure that the cattle get enough pasture. The principle of excessive trampling of grassland shall not be imposed. For management convenience, males and females shall be grazing in groups. When grazing, it is necessary to pay attention to the provision of sufficient drinking water and supplemental feeding of salt, and each adult cattle day shall give 30 to 50 grams. In order to increase the amount of livestock on the pasture, the grassland can be improved by removing weeds and poisonous weeds from the natural grassland, leaving more space for useful herbage to grow. At the same time, replanting better pasture or sowing grass seeds , and appropriate fertilization, so that after a few years will grow better pasture, so that grassland carrying capacity is improved. In addition can also establish artificial grassland, the method is: the pasture on the grassland to remove the artificial mixing Legumes and gramineous pastures, along with appropriate application of phosphate fertilizers, can both promote the growth of leguminous grasses and also contribute to the growth of gramineous pastures. They can “promote nitrogen with phosphorus, grow grass with nitrogen, and use grass for meatâ€. The carrying amount refers to the number of grazing animals and the grazing time on the unit grassland area, usually expressed on the first day. There are two calculation methods. (B) House Feed Finishing This fattening method is commonly used for adult cattle and young bulls. In order to increase the source of beef, in addition to improving the feeding and management, improving feed utilization, using harmless and effective weight-increasing agents, and utilizing the hybridization of milk and meat breeds to exploit the advantages of crossbreeding to increase meat production performance, it is also possible to use eliminated milk cows. Bullies are used for fattening and internal use, including the use of small male cubs produced by dairy cows. However, in many dairy farms in China, most of the small male cubs that are not reserved for seed use are eliminated after birth. This is very important. Unfortunately, the use of small public funds to produce beef is an important way to increase the source of beef. In foreign countries, the use of dairy cattle to produce beef has long been adopted because it is more economical to use than beef cattle to produce beef feed. Under normal circumstances, the growth of each part of the bovine fetus is not the same in each period, in which the head, viscera, and limbs that have a large relationship with life develop earlier, while muscles, fats, etc., develop later due to the calf Muscular, fat, and body development are poor, so it is uneconomical to slaughter a newborn calf. Therefore, it is best to use small males for fats. The method of rearing from the male cubs to meat is: the calf is fed 7 days after the birth of the primiary milk, after which it is fed regular milk and weaned for 50 days. The total amount of milk for 50 days of lactation is approximately 180-200 kg. The calf begins to teach mixed concentrates about 10 days after birth. Since the calf does not feed, it can be applied to the calf's mouth with a little mixed concentrate at the time of feeding, or let it be changed in the feeding trough. Eat. In order to prevent diarrhea, some oxytetracycline (50 mg per head) can be added to the feed. The feed amount of the mixed concentrate increases gradually with age. There is also a minimum to maximum amount of green grass or hay. Cattle eat freely. Mixing concentrates are equipped with: corn flour 35%, bran 8%, wheat flour 10%, bean cake 35%, fried soybean powder 7%, bone meal 3%, salt 2%. Young cattle stage, due to growth Rapidly, in addition to supplying the necessary energy, a certain amount of protein (content of digestible protein in the diet of 18% to 20%) should be supplied in order to exert the characteristics of rapid growth of muscles of the young cattle, thereby achieving greater daily growth. Heavy and high feed rewards. The majority of fattening of adult cattle is from cattle in slaughterhouse stock or beef cattle that are ready to be sold. The method of fattening is: concentrate feeding for 2 to 3 months before slaughter (best deworming before finishing) and increase feeding (including mixing Concentrates, agricultural and sideline products, and roughage, and strengthening of fattening. This method is short in time and effective, but it consumes more feed. No matter what breeder's fat green feed, it should provide enough drinking water, especially the fattening of young bulls should always have sufficient water supply, otherwise it is easy to make small Cows drink effluent or excreta causing diarrhea. Cows are ruminants and have the ability to use large amounts of green roughage. Therefore, using as little as possible fine material in the fertility keeping, and making full use of cheap and high-quality green roughage and agricultural and sideline products, in conjunction with the comparison of full-price coarse material rations, improve feed utilization efficiency, and increase feed intake. To meet the energy needs at the same time, meet the needs of the protein to get a better daily gain. The most economical sources of protein for cattle are high-yield forage legumes and synthetic non-protein nitrogenous compounds (such as urea, aluminum salts, etc.). (3) Seasonal characteristics of grazing and rearing The aim of cattle grazing and rearing is to fully utilize natural resources, exchange grass for meat, and replace grass with milk. There are seasonal changes in the growth of pasture and the nutrients it contains. The spring grasses are revived with high moisture, high protein content, and low crude fiber content. Summer herbage protein. Nitrogen-free extracts, etc. are all high in content. At the end of the fall, the nutritional content of pasture decreased, especially in the winter, the crude fiber content of pasture increased significantly, and the protein content decreased significantly. Therefore, neither feed intake nor nutrients can meet the needs of cattle in the winter alone. Therefore, it is extremely uneconomical to adopt a feeding method that uses grazing year-round without feed. It is advisable to harvest, dry, dry hay, or make silage in the flowering season of early autumn when the nutritional value of pasture is high. Store a certain amount of other forage so that it can be fed during the withered period so that the herd can grow normally and grow.
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