1 Iron
1.1 The nutritional role of iron and the cause of anemia in piglets
Iron is an essential element for the rapid development of piglets after birth and the maintenance of autologous metabolism and physiological effects. Iron is a component of most metabolites and is also a constituent of protein bodies such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, transferrin, and lactoferrin. The root cause of anemia in piglets is the lack of iron in the body of the piglet and minimal intake from the outside. The total amount of iron in piglets at birth is 40-50 mg, and the normal growth and development weight of suckling piglets increase by 1 kg per kg. For 35mg, the daily requirement for iron is 7-8mg, and it needs 200mg before it starts to be eaten at 3 weeks old. However, there is little iron content in breastmilk, 0.2mg of iron per 100g of milk. The piglet can only get from milk every day. Intake of 1 mg of iron, which is 1/7 of the amount of iron required, is far from meeting the need for pig iron for growth and development. As early as 3 to 4 days after birth, the amount of iron stored in the body will be consumed. With the acceleration of the growth rate, the demand for iron will increase. If iron supplementation to piglets cannot be done in time, iron deficiency anemia will occur.
1.2 physiological signs of anemia in piglets
Hemoglobin concentration in the blood is a reliable indicator of pig iron condition, with a hemoglobin level of 0.1 g/ml whole blood or higher, which is considered suitable; a hemoglobin level of 0.09 g/ml is the lowest level of hemoglobin; hemoglobin level is 0.08 g/ml In milliliters, it indicates near the anemia margin; 0.07 g/ml or less, indicating anaemia (Zimmerman, 1980. The type of anemia caused by iron deficiency is called erythroblastic anaemia. Anemic piglets show symptoms: skin and mucous membranes pale, covered with hair Coarse disorder, loss of appetite, mild diarrhea, listlessness, stagnation, severe death, blood examination, hemoglobin drop of 0.05 ~ 0.07g/ml, red blood cells are also reduced, severe cases were reduced to 200 ~ 3000000. Autopsy to see the liver The spleen is swollen, the blood is thin, and the heart muscle is significantly dilated.
1.3 Methods of iron supplementation
There are many ways to supplement iron in piglets. Several commonly used methods are as follows:
Intramuscular injection
Three days after birth piglet muscle or subcutaneous injection of dextran iron 1 ~ 2 ml, in addition, but also intramuscular injection of anti-anemia preparations - Xue Duoquan injection (200 mg per milliliter of iron)
Anti-anemia preparations - blood polydatin (200 ml per milliliter iron), anti-anemia preparations - blood serum (150 mg iron per ml), anti-anemia preparations - ferric iron 1 ml (150 mg iron, selenium Sodium 1mg).
Iron and copper mixture feeding method
After 3 days from the birth of the piglets, iron and copper mixture was supplemented, and 2.5 grams of ferrous sulfate and 1 gram of copper sulfate were dissolved in 1000 ml of water and filled into the bottle. When the piglets sucked, the mixture was dripped onto the nipples or used as a baby bottle. Feed, 2 times a day, 10 ml per head of eclipse. When the piglets start eating, they can be mixed in the feed and each pig is replenished with 20 ml per day at the age of 1 month.
Feed supplement
The iron needed for piglets can also be supplied or supplemented with feed. The commonly used iron preparations are ferrous sulfate, iron citrate, and amino acid chelated iron.
Mineral Addition Method
Five days after the birth of the piglet, a small trough containing bone meal, salt, charcoal, red soil or fresh grass root soil and mixed with iron-copper mixture was placed in the pig house and allowed to feed.
2 Copper
2.1 The physiological function of copper
One of the most important physiological roles of copper is as a key enzyme in the body—ferrite oxidase, cytochrome C oxidase, copper zinc superoxide dismutase, tyrosinase, lysyl oxidase and dopamine-beta-hydroxyl The enzyme cofactor. Copper is also a constituent of clotting factor V and metallothionein. Therefore, copper in the diet is taken up by the animal body and is involved in oxidative phosphorylation, free radical detoxification, melanin synthesis, catechol ammonia metabolism, connective tissue association, iron and ammonia oxidation, uric acid metabolism, and blood in the form of enzyme cofactors. Solidification and hair formation and other metabolic processes. In addition, copper is necessary for metabolism of glucose metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, bone mineralization, immune function, myelin formation, thermal regulation, erythropoiesis, and cardiac function.
2.2 The lack of copper
The lack of copper will reduce the absorption of iron and the formation of hemoglobin, and anemia similar to iron deficiency occurs. When the diet contains 6 ppm of copper, the piglet’s need for copper can be met. The diet contains 15 ppm of copper, which can meet the normal needs of growing pigs, so copper deficiency does not occur.
2.3 Copper poisoning
Uneven or excessive copper in the feed can cause copper poisoning. Excessive intake of copper from animals over a long period of time will accumulate in tissues, especially the liver. Copper does not show clinical symptoms during liver accumulation, but hemolysis occurs later. It is characterized by sudden and severe haemolysis, hemoglobinemia with severe jaundice, and liver and kidney damage and rapid death. There are many causes of hemolysis caused by high copper: First, bivalent copper binds to the thiols of hemoglobin, red blood cells, and other cell membranes, increasing the permeability of red blood cells and causing hemolysis; second, copper inhibits glutathione reductase, making Reduced intracellular glutathione, hemolytic anemia caused by hemoglobin degeneration. The lack of molybdenum in diets aggravates the toxicity of copper. Appropriate supplementation of sulfur-containing amino acids, zinc and iron can buffer copper poisoning.
2.4 The role of high copper
The role of promoting growth
Since the British scholar Barber first discovered that high-dose copper (125 to 250 ppm) was added to feeds in 1955 to increase the growth rate of piglets and improve feed conversion, scholars at home and abroad began to pay attention to research on high-copper. Gipp et al. (1974), Roof et al. (1982), Stansburg et al. (1990) reported that adding 125-250 mg/kg copper can increase the daily gain of piglets by 3% to 6%; Gromwell et al. (1989) and Stahly et al. ( 1980) reported that 125-250 mg/kg copper increased daily gain of piglets by 20% to 35% and feed efficiency by 5% to 20%; Dove and Haydon (1992) reported that adding copper to diets can promote the growth of weaned piglets. However, it had no effect on the feed-to-flesh ratio; Braude summarized 119 test materials from 1965 to 1975 and found that feeding 250 ppm of copper can increase 9.1% in daily growth and feed use efficiency increase 7.4%. Some researchers in China have also conducted research in this area, but the conclusions are not the same. There are also reports that the growth-promoting effect of high copper is evident only in the early growth stage of pigs and has little effect on late growth stages.
The mechanism by which high copper promotes growth is not clear, and it is generally believed that:
Copper has antimicrobial properties that produce growth effects similar to those of antibiotics. High copper and antibacterial agents were mixed into the piglets and they had a synergistic effect.
High-copper (250 ppm) can increase the ability of weaned pigs to digest dietary fat by stimulating the activity of lipase and phospholipase A in the small intestine, increasing nitrogen deposition by increasing fat utilization, and thus increasing the growth performance of piglets, and copper The growth-promoting effect is not limited to the intestinal tract, but it may be that systemic copper may increase the synthesis of the protein by stimulating certain hormones and growth factors so as to achieve a growth-promoting effect. Copper can increase the synthesis and release of the limiting peptide, which is an important factor in increasing feed intake.
The use of high copper is a problem that should be paid attention to
To alleviate the chronic toxicity of high copper to the liver of piglets, copper sulphate can be added in a 2:1 ratio of S:Cu. Pay attention to increase the level of iron and zinc. Because copper and iron, zinc (130 ~ 150ppm) compete with each other in the absorption level and restrict each other, only adding appropriate amounts of iron and zinc can regulate the growth promoting effect of high-dose copper. According to reports, in addition to iron and zinc, the absorption of copper is also related to the amounts of calcium, phosphorus, and cadmium. Therefore, when using high copper as a growth promoter for piglets, only the proper adjustment of the amount of replenishment between the elements can make the elements in a dynamic equilibrium, so that the best effect can be obtained.
3 Zinc
3.1 The nutritional physiological role of zinc
Zinc is distributed in all tissues of the body, with higher concentrations of zinc in organ tissues such as muscle, liver, and coat. Zinc plays an important role in maintaining animal growth, material metabolism, and immune function. Its nutritional effects are mainly: the first involved in the enzyme composition in vivo. Zinc is a component of more than 40 enzymes in the body and an activating factor for over 200 enzymes. In different enzymes, zinc plays a role in catalytic decomposition, synthesis, stabilization of enzyme protein quaternary structure, and adjustment of enzyme activity and other biochemical effects. The second is involved in maintaining the normal morphology, growth, and health of epithelial cells and coats. Its biochemical basis is related to the involvement of zinc in cystine and acid mucopolysaccharide metabolism. The third maintains the normal role of hormones. Zinc forms soluble polymers with insulin or proinsulin, which is beneficial to the islet's physiological and biochemical effects. Zinc has an effect on the formation, storage, and secretion of other hormones. The fourth maintains the normal structure and function of the biofilm, preventing the biofilm from suffering oxidative damage and structural deformation.
3.2 Zinc requirement for piglets
During the period of suckling, each piglet sucks about 0.5kg of milk per day, and the daily weight gain is 0.1-0.2kg. The amount of zinc in milk is generally 4.94mg/kg, which generally can meet the normal growth needs of piglets. However, it should be noted that piglets do not have the ability to self-regulate zinc absorption and excretion at this stage and should be careful to prevent poisoning if they are added.
10 ~ 40kg stage, piglets for the amount of zinc required for the recent translation of Ding, 1992 on piglets on the demand for zinc is currently reported mixed, mostly in the 80ppm ~ 100ppm. Xu Xiaoyi and others believe that the requirement for zinc in 7-20kg piglets is 98ppm and Xu Zhenying recommends 100ppm. According to Wang Xiaofei's research, it is considered that the best diet for pigs with 10-20kg body weight is 150ppm copper, iron, and zinc, and the six countries (US, UK, and UK). The average amount of standards for France, the Soviet Union, Japan, and China is 82.6 ppm.
3.3 Lack and excess of zinc
The requirement for zinc in pigs is influenced by calcium, phosphorus, iron, copper, and phytic acid in the feed. The absorption rate of zinc in piglets is between 40% and 60%. Zinc deficiency in pigs is caused by many reasons, mainly due to the fact that the effective content of zinc in the feed is too low and the use of high copper in recent years; methionine and cysteine ​​also accelerate the excretion of zinc in the body; liver disease can also cause zinc deficiency. Therefore, pigs are prone to zinc deficiency, especially in weaned piglets. Zinc is deficient in diets and the main manifestations of piglets are: (1) Significant decrease in appetite and growth rate. (2) Incomplete keratoses: Epithelial cells of the skin and esophagus become thicker or hyperkeratotic, manifesting as skin irritation, crusting, hair loss, vomiting, diarrhea, and malnutrition. (3) Bone deformation: In the absence of zinc, cartilage formation is impeded, and the phosphatase activity in the skeleton is reduced, causing skeletal dysplasia and thickening of long bones.
Lack of zinc can cause harm to piglets, and excessive zinc can also harm piglets. Excessive zinc can cause decreased T, B lymphocyte DNA, RNA, and protein in the thymus, bone marrow, and spleen of piglets, reduce cell proliferation, and reduce the phagocytic bactericidal power of peripheral blood granulocytes and peritoneal macrophages (Zhu Jianjin, 1996 ). Excessive zinc can cause secondary deficiency of iron and copper, resulting in anemia and slow growth of piglets. However, in general, zinc poisoning caused by overdose does not occur in production, because the range between the normal physiological requirement of zinc and the amount of poisoning is very large. Pigs can tolerate 20 to 30 times the normal amount, and zinc in the feed can be excessive. Make the piglets anorexia, so as to avoid the harm to the organism caused by excess zinc.
3.4 The role of high zinc feed
In recent years, a large number of studies have been conducted at home and abroad on the effect of adding high-dose zinc (1000-3000ppm) to piglets' diets, which proves that high-zinc diets can reduce early diarrhea in weaned piglets, increase daily weight gain, and improve feed remuneration, especially in Two weeks after weaning, the effect was better. However, there are also a small number of reports in the opposite direction. With regard to the mechanism of action of high-growth zinc growth, no consensus has yet been formed and it is for further study.
Selenium 4
4.1 The biological function of selenium
As an essential trace element, selenium has very important biological functions in animals. mainly:
(1) Prevent the destruction of the lipid structure of the cell membrane and protect the integrity of the cell membrane. Selenium is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. GSH-PX (oxidase) catalysed reduction of harmful glutathione reduces harmful peroxides in the body to harmless hydroxy compounds and decomposes hydrogen peroxide, thereby protecting the integrity and function of the cell membrane structure.
(2) Selenium acts as a compensator and coordinator for vitamin E in protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage. Vitamin E inhibits the formation of peroxides by eliminating free radicals before lipid oxidation begins, whereas selenium-containing GSH-PX breaks down formed peroxides, preventing the possible initiation of lipid peroxidation of hydroxyl radicals and oxygen radicals. .
(3) Selenium is a component of certain enzymes in the mitochondria and has a significant inhibitory effect on swelling caused by sulfides or sulfhydryl compounds.
(4) Selenium can promote the formation of antibodies and enhance the body's immunity. Peplowski et al. (1980) reported that adding 0.5 mg/kg selenium to diets of weaned piglets increased the erythrocyte (SBRC) antibody titer in sheep.
4.2 The lack and excess of selenium
Selenium deficiency can cause a variety of animal diseases, such as dietary hepatic necrosis, muscular dystrophy, exudative diathesis, pancreatic degeneration, mulberry heart disease, and the like. The lack of selenium in piglets can cause anaemia, white diarrhea and white muscle disease. It is manifested as: sudden onset of piglets, most of the sick pigs are in superior nutritional status or grow fast, normal or low body temperature, hoarseness, walking sway, and then hind limb paralysis Some diseased pigs excreted thin yellowish or grayish green excreta, with pale skin and visible mucous membranes, edema of the eyelids, necrosis, mesenteric lymph node edema, congestive or hemorrhage, muscle atrophy, etc., and loss of appetite in the pigs. The weight gain slowed down and the serious person died. Selenium is very toxic, long-term intake of various animals, 5 ~ 10ppm can produce chronic poisoning, its performance is wasting anemia, ankylosis, hair removal and other symptoms.
4.3 The need for selenium in piglets
The need for selenium in piglets is influenced by the nutritional status of selenium in the sow and the status of selenium supplementation after the birth of piglets. Under normal feed conditions, diets containing 0.24 mg/kg selenium can basically meet the needs of metabolism and growth of piglets. The NRC (1988) standard requires 0.25 ppm of selenium for 10-20 kg of piglets.
5 Manganese
Manganese is a component of several enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. When ingested manganese is insufficient, the growth of ossification in piglets is hindered, excess of manganese, impaired piglet growth, anemia, and damage to the gastrointestinal tract, and sometimes neurological symptoms. Reports about the requirement for manganese in piglets vary widely. In piglets weighing 5 to 20 kg, the requirement for manganese is 3-4 mg/kg in the United States and Japan, 100 mg/kg in France and the former Soviet Union, and 4.1 mg in China. /kg. Wang An (1995) reported that the growth of piglets in the 40-60 days of age, the corn-soybean meal dietary manganese content (13.987ug / g) to meet the normal growth needs.
6 Iodine
Iodine is an important trace element in pig nutrition. Its function is to synthesize thyroxine in the thyroid gland and regulate the metabolism of substances and energy in the body. The lack of iodine in pregnant sows results in an increase in stillbirth, hindrance in the development of their offspring, piglets with goiters, and coarse hair or hairless hairs. When the iodine concentration in the diet is 0.2-0.3ppm, it can meet the needs of piglets.
7 Cobalt
Cobalt affects the synthesis of protein, nucleic acid, glycogen, and phosphatidic acid in the form of vitamin B12. The study materials for cobalt demand are limited. Generally, it is believed that dietary cobalt-containing 1 mg/kg avoids cobalt deficiency, and 400 mg/kg cobalt can cause Piglets are poisoned. Selenium and vitamin E have a protective effect against cobalt poisoning.
8 chromium
The nutrition research of chromium on livestock and poultry began in the 1990s. Its main physiological function is that the chromium that enters the body constitutes the active ingredient of glucose tolerance factor (GTF) in the form of trivalent chromium, as an insulin enhancer, and affects sugar and fat. The metabolism of proteins and nucleic acids and the endocrine system act on the reproduction, growth and immunity of animals.
Harper and Lindemann (1995) conducted a study of 144 weaned piglets weighing 7.3 kg with 200 μg/kg chromium pyridinate for 35 days. The results showed that chromium supplementation had a positive effect on piglet growth.
It has been reported that adding 0.2 mg/kg of chromium to feeds for weaned piglets can increase piglet weight gain, increase feed utilization, and reduce diarrhea in piglets.
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