Microecological preparations are today an additive that is very hot in the fields of production, research, and sales. This article elaborates on its characteristics, principles, constraints, and precautions in use.
Before understanding the factors that affect the effectiveness of its use, it is necessary to understand what is the probiotic and its characteristics.
First, the principle of micro ecological agents
Microecological preparations are viable microorganisms isolated from animals under the guidance of the theory of microecology, and contain live bacteria or viable bacterial preparations containing bacterial cells and their metabolites. Animal micro-ecological preparations are also known as microbial feed additives. He can improve the ecological environment of the gastrointestinal tract, produce beneficial substances, establish and maintain intestinal microecological balance, and enhance animal immunity. At present, microecological preparations have been recognized as promising feed additives for replacing antibiotics.
two. Types of probiotics
1. Probiotics
Refers to the improvement of animal micro-ecological balance and play a beneficial role in improving the level of animal productivity and health, artificially added live bacterial preparations. There are 12 strains currently approved in China and can be directly fed to animals.
2. Prebiotics
Also known as chemical probiotics, are a class of chemical substances that cannot be digested and absorbed by the host, can not be used by harmful intestinal bacteria, can only be selectively absorbed and utilized by beneficial microorganisms, or can promote the activity (or reproduction) of beneficial bacteria. The earliest discovered prebiotics were bifidogenic factors, and later found a variety of oligosaccharides that could not be digested as prebiotics, such as lactulose, fructo-oligosaccharides, maltooligosaccharides, and cottonseed oligosaccharides.
3. Synbiotics
Biopharmaceuticals that combine probiotics and prebiotics in certain proportions can simultaneously exert their combined effects. The development prospects of these products are very broad.
three. characteristic
1. Acid production
After probiotics enter the intestine, they can produce organic acids, especially Lactobacillus and Streptococcus will produce lactic acid, reduce intestinal pH, acidify the intestine, increase the utilization of iron, calcium and phosphorus, and promote vitamin D and iron. Absorption, activation of zymogen.
2. Produce a variety of digestive enzymes to promote the absorption of nutrients
Beneficial microorganisms can produce a variety of digestive enzymes in the intestine. As Bacillus has a strong protease, lipase, amylase activity, and can degrade some of the more complex carbohydrates in vegetable feed, thereby increasing feed conversion.
3. Direct nutrition
Many probiotic products contain a lot of nutrients themselves, and provide vitamin nutrition and protein for the animal's intestines.
4. Form a biofilm barrier to regulate intestinal flora balance
Probiotics are protected in the digestive tract of the host through a placeholder to form a biological barrier to regulate intestinal flora balance.
four. Factors that affect its role
1 Factors of the preparation itself
1.1 Types of bacteria
There are about 40 species of microorganisms that can be used to make microecological preparations, but the main applications are mainly Lactobacillus, Streptococcus faecalis, Bifidobacterium, Bacillus, and yeast. According to different uses, microecological agents can be roughly divided into three categories: environmental regulators, pathogen control agents, and health promoters. Disease prevention should use lactic acid bacteria, Pediococcus, Bifidobacterium and other lactic acid-producing bacterial preparations; to promote growth, improve feed utilization should be selected Bacillus, Lactobacillus, yeast and other preparations; improve the breeding environment should use photosynthetic bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, Bacillus and other preparations.
1.2 strain characteristics
The microecological preparations made of different strains have different effects due to their different natures. Such as Lactobacillus high temperature, high pressure performance is poor, the use of better in the powder, but the use of poor performance in the granular material; Bacillus can withstand higher temperatures, high pressure and acidic environment, in the granular material Application of Bacillus-based micro-ecological preparations, or use of other materials coated with special materials. The preparation is composed of a single species of bacteria or a complex of multiple species, and its use effect is different. In general, a single type of preparation can promote the growth of pigs and the utilization of feed more than the preparation of complex bacteria.
1.3 Viable concentration
The activity of the probiotic strains is very important for their effectiveness. Microorganisms are largely deactivated due to oxygen, high temperature and other factors during the storage and during the processing of granular materials and powders. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the study of dosage forms to increase the concentration of viable bacteria, increase the viability of living bacteria against adverse environments, and extend the product preservation time, such as the use of vacuum freeze-drying technology, microencapsulation packaging technology, vacuum packaging or nitrogen-filled packaging. At the same time, the manufacturer is required to conduct systematic identification of strains during production. The product should have enough bacteria at the time of delivery to ensure that the necessary number of viable cells can be achieved within the prescribed storage period. The number of live bacteria in Lactobacillus preparations in Sweden is expected to reach 3,109/g. China's provisions Bacillus content ≥ 5108 / g.
1.4 The use of dose
In order to ensure that the beneficial bacteria can play a role, the appropriate amount of addition is important, and the desired effect cannot be achieved when the amount is insufficient or excessive. The normal requirement is to reach a daily bacterial count of 108 to 109 bacteria.
1.5 Security
Be careful about the micro-organisms used in production. For new species or first-time applied strains, systematic safety and toxicological experiments must be performed. The determination of non-toxic side effects of bacteria, but also to further study, because there may be due to physics and chemistry, toxins and strains cause negative mutations. Therefore, the safety test of the produced strains should be carried out regularly to ensure the safety of the microecological preparations.
1.6 How to use
After stopping use, the effects of the probiotics disappear because the strains used for the probiotics cannot be permanently colonized in the host's intestine. Therefore, it is necessary to select the method of use according to the purpose of use. First, continuous use, mainly for the prevention of certain diseases, the promotion of animal growth, improve the health of raising the environment, etc. The second is a one-time use, mainly for the treatment of a disease. In contrast, continuous use is better.
2 Animal factors
2.1 Different species
Animals have a diversity of digestive tract microorganisms, and bacteria have a certain degree of specificity to the host, so the application effect of microecological agents seems to have certain species specificity. For a particular animal, a certain microecological preparation may be more appropriate and more effective than other preparations. For example, it is a good microecological preparation for pigs and may not be effective for chickens. Therefore, it is necessary to understand in advance the type and action characteristics of the strains and fully consider the anatomical structure and physiological and ecological characteristics of the animal's digestive system.
2.2 Age factors
Newborn animals are basically sterile in the intestine, and timely provision of fine microorganisms can occupy the animal's intestinal tract and play a significant role in the future health. In the later stages of animal growth, intestinal function begins to degenerate. Adding microecological agents at this time can complement and improve the intestinal flora and ensure health. As for ruminants, young animals commonly use lactic acid bacteria preparations, and adult animals should use Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus niger, and beer yeast preparations.
2.3 Animal status
Some microecological agents act to a certain extent mainly by affecting the composition of the normal flora of the host's intestine. If the animal itself has naturally acquired a large number of microbial flora, there will be no significant effect when using certain probiotics. Significant effects can be achieved when the animal is in an unnatural growth form or in a pathological state when using a probiotic. After the animals are treated with antibiotics, the number of beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract will be reduced. Adding probiotics at this time can help restore the number of these beneficial bacteria as soon as possible.
3 Environmental health factors
Breeding environmental sanitation conditions are extremely poor, animal body resistance will be very low. If microecological preparations are used in this way, the dosage of the preparation must be increased and continuous use must be performed so as to obtain higher results. For animals with good hygienic conditions, the effect can be achieved by using a normal dose. Under stressful conditions such as crowding, transportation, immunization, climate change and extreme climatic conditions, the addition of probiotics can help animals survive the stress period.
4 Dietary factors
4.1 Nutrition Factors
The balance of protein and limiting amino acids in the diet affects the efficacy of the probiotics and is more effective in diets with low protein or amino acid imbalances.
4.2 Change of diet
When food changes, such as the change of feed from weaned pigs to feed on the weaned pigs, severe digestive disorders often occur. The timely addition of microecological preparations can help prevent diarrhea and increase weight gain. Effect.
5 Antibiotics
Microecological preparations are live bacteria preparations, and antibiotics have a bactericidal effect. Therefore, under normal circumstances, they cannot be applied at the same time. At the same time, microecological preparations will lose their effect.
However, it is possible to select beneficial bacteria resistant to certain antibiotics to make microecological preparations in combination with such antibiotics. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the relationship between various antibiotics and the probiotics used before use. If it is a compound bacteria preparation, it must be based on the combination of bacteria and characteristics of the probiotics and the types of antibiotics and the role of the object to carry out reasonable cooperation in order to achieve the desired results.
Fives. Matters needing attention in use
1. Selection of strains
The digestive tract microorganisms of animals have diversity and specificity, so different animal species have different requirements for strains. The same strains are used for different animals, and they often have different effects. When using, we must understand the performance and role of bacteria species, different products have different effects, improper choice can not achieve the intended purpose, but destroy the original flora, and even cause disease.
2. Application time
The application time is early, use from the suckling pig to guarantee the priority colonization of the beneficial bacteria. After the preparation enters the body, it must have a certain time to adjust the microbial flora in order to be colonized. The long-term continuous use of probiotics can produce control effects similar to the use of antibiotics, but increases the cost, and may be the method of choice for the production of animal products without drug residues, but as a current feeding conditions, as a kind of Ecological regulators are used in the post-illness recovery period, before and after various stress factors, to correct dysbacteriosis, and to treat dyspepsia.
3. Dose and concentration
The product must contain a considerable number of viable cells in order to achieve results. The number of viable bacteria in Lactobacillus preparations in Sweden is to be 21011/g. China's official approval of the production of preparations, there are provisions for the number and dosage of bacteria, Bacillus content ≥ 5108. At present, there are few reports on this area. Therefore, it must be used according to the product description.
4. Synergies of antibiotics
The use of antibacterial drugs to clean up the intestinal tract, remove barriers to the colonization and propagation of probiotics, and then take the probiotics, to achieve a better effect.
5. Pay attention to the shelf life of the preparation
Due to the imperfect current production process, there are certain difficulties in the preservation of most strains. Therefore, in the application should pay attention to the shelf life, with the extension of the storage time, the number of viable cells is constantly decreasing, the speed of the bacteria and the preservation conditions vary.
Before understanding the factors that affect the effectiveness of its use, it is necessary to understand what is the probiotic and its characteristics.
First, the principle of micro ecological agents
Microecological preparations are viable microorganisms isolated from animals under the guidance of the theory of microecology, and contain live bacteria or viable bacterial preparations containing bacterial cells and their metabolites. Animal micro-ecological preparations are also known as microbial feed additives. He can improve the ecological environment of the gastrointestinal tract, produce beneficial substances, establish and maintain intestinal microecological balance, and enhance animal immunity. At present, microecological preparations have been recognized as promising feed additives for replacing antibiotics.
two. Types of probiotics
1. Probiotics
Refers to the improvement of animal micro-ecological balance and play a beneficial role in improving the level of animal productivity and health, artificially added live bacterial preparations. There are 12 strains currently approved in China and can be directly fed to animals.
2. Prebiotics
Also known as chemical probiotics, are a class of chemical substances that cannot be digested and absorbed by the host, can not be used by harmful intestinal bacteria, can only be selectively absorbed and utilized by beneficial microorganisms, or can promote the activity (or reproduction) of beneficial bacteria. The earliest discovered prebiotics were bifidogenic factors, and later found a variety of oligosaccharides that could not be digested as prebiotics, such as lactulose, fructo-oligosaccharides, maltooligosaccharides, and cottonseed oligosaccharides.
3. Synbiotics
Biopharmaceuticals that combine probiotics and prebiotics in certain proportions can simultaneously exert their combined effects. The development prospects of these products are very broad.
three. characteristic
1. Acid production
After probiotics enter the intestine, they can produce organic acids, especially Lactobacillus and Streptococcus will produce lactic acid, reduce intestinal pH, acidify the intestine, increase the utilization of iron, calcium and phosphorus, and promote vitamin D and iron. Absorption, activation of zymogen.
2. Produce a variety of digestive enzymes to promote the absorption of nutrients
Beneficial microorganisms can produce a variety of digestive enzymes in the intestine. As Bacillus has a strong protease, lipase, amylase activity, and can degrade some of the more complex carbohydrates in vegetable feed, thereby increasing feed conversion.
3. Direct nutrition
Many probiotic products contain a lot of nutrients themselves, and provide vitamin nutrition and protein for the animal's intestines.
4. Form a biofilm barrier to regulate intestinal flora balance
Probiotics are protected in the digestive tract of the host through a placeholder to form a biological barrier to regulate intestinal flora balance.
four. Factors that affect its role
1 Factors of the preparation itself
1.1 Types of bacteria
There are about 40 species of microorganisms that can be used to make microecological preparations, but the main applications are mainly Lactobacillus, Streptococcus faecalis, Bifidobacterium, Bacillus, and yeast. According to different uses, microecological agents can be roughly divided into three categories: environmental regulators, pathogen control agents, and health promoters. Disease prevention should use lactic acid bacteria, Pediococcus, Bifidobacterium and other lactic acid-producing bacterial preparations; to promote growth, improve feed utilization should be selected Bacillus, Lactobacillus, yeast and other preparations; improve the breeding environment should use photosynthetic bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, Bacillus and other preparations.
1.2 strain characteristics
The microecological preparations made of different strains have different effects due to their different natures. Such as Lactobacillus high temperature, high pressure performance is poor, the use of better in the powder, but the use of poor performance in the granular material; Bacillus can withstand higher temperatures, high pressure and acidic environment, in the granular material Application of Bacillus-based micro-ecological preparations, or use of other materials coated with special materials. The preparation is composed of a single species of bacteria or a complex of multiple species, and its use effect is different. In general, a single type of preparation can promote the growth of pigs and the utilization of feed more than the preparation of complex bacteria.
1.3 Viable concentration
The activity of the probiotic strains is very important for their effectiveness. Microorganisms are largely deactivated due to oxygen, high temperature and other factors during the storage and during the processing of granular materials and powders. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the study of dosage forms to increase the concentration of viable bacteria, increase the viability of living bacteria against adverse environments, and extend the product preservation time, such as the use of vacuum freeze-drying technology, microencapsulation packaging technology, vacuum packaging or nitrogen-filled packaging. At the same time, the manufacturer is required to conduct systematic identification of strains during production. The product should have enough bacteria at the time of delivery to ensure that the necessary number of viable cells can be achieved within the prescribed storage period. The number of live bacteria in Lactobacillus preparations in Sweden is expected to reach 3,109/g. China's provisions Bacillus content ≥ 5108 / g.
1.4 The use of dose
In order to ensure that the beneficial bacteria can play a role, the appropriate amount of addition is important, and the desired effect cannot be achieved when the amount is insufficient or excessive. The normal requirement is to reach a daily bacterial count of 108 to 109 bacteria.
1.5 Security
Be careful about the micro-organisms used in production. For new species or first-time applied strains, systematic safety and toxicological experiments must be performed. The determination of non-toxic side effects of bacteria, but also to further study, because there may be due to physics and chemistry, toxins and strains cause negative mutations. Therefore, the safety test of the produced strains should be carried out regularly to ensure the safety of the microecological preparations.
1.6 How to use
After stopping use, the effects of the probiotics disappear because the strains used for the probiotics cannot be permanently colonized in the host's intestine. Therefore, it is necessary to select the method of use according to the purpose of use. First, continuous use, mainly for the prevention of certain diseases, the promotion of animal growth, improve the health of raising the environment, etc. The second is a one-time use, mainly for the treatment of a disease. In contrast, continuous use is better.
2 Animal factors
2.1 Different species
Animals have a diversity of digestive tract microorganisms, and bacteria have a certain degree of specificity to the host, so the application effect of microecological agents seems to have certain species specificity. For a particular animal, a certain microecological preparation may be more appropriate and more effective than other preparations. For example, it is a good microecological preparation for pigs and may not be effective for chickens. Therefore, it is necessary to understand in advance the type and action characteristics of the strains and fully consider the anatomical structure and physiological and ecological characteristics of the animal's digestive system.
2.2 Age factors
Newborn animals are basically sterile in the intestine, and timely provision of fine microorganisms can occupy the animal's intestinal tract and play a significant role in the future health. In the later stages of animal growth, intestinal function begins to degenerate. Adding microecological agents at this time can complement and improve the intestinal flora and ensure health. As for ruminants, young animals commonly use lactic acid bacteria preparations, and adult animals should use Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus niger, and beer yeast preparations.
2.3 Animal status
Some microecological agents act to a certain extent mainly by affecting the composition of the normal flora of the host's intestine. If the animal itself has naturally acquired a large number of microbial flora, there will be no significant effect when using certain probiotics. Significant effects can be achieved when the animal is in an unnatural growth form or in a pathological state when using a probiotic. After the animals are treated with antibiotics, the number of beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract will be reduced. Adding probiotics at this time can help restore the number of these beneficial bacteria as soon as possible.
3 Environmental health factors
Breeding environmental sanitation conditions are extremely poor, animal body resistance will be very low. If microecological preparations are used in this way, the dosage of the preparation must be increased and continuous use must be performed so as to obtain higher results. For animals with good hygienic conditions, the effect can be achieved by using a normal dose. Under stressful conditions such as crowding, transportation, immunization, climate change and extreme climatic conditions, the addition of probiotics can help animals survive the stress period.
4 Dietary factors
4.1 Nutrition Factors
The balance of protein and limiting amino acids in the diet affects the efficacy of the probiotics and is more effective in diets with low protein or amino acid imbalances.
4.2 Change of diet
When food changes, such as the change of feed from weaned pigs to feed on the weaned pigs, severe digestive disorders often occur. The timely addition of microecological preparations can help prevent diarrhea and increase weight gain. Effect.
5 Antibiotics
Microecological preparations are live bacteria preparations, and antibiotics have a bactericidal effect. Therefore, under normal circumstances, they cannot be applied at the same time. At the same time, microecological preparations will lose their effect.
However, it is possible to select beneficial bacteria resistant to certain antibiotics to make microecological preparations in combination with such antibiotics. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the relationship between various antibiotics and the probiotics used before use. If it is a compound bacteria preparation, it must be based on the combination of bacteria and characteristics of the probiotics and the types of antibiotics and the role of the object to carry out reasonable cooperation in order to achieve the desired results.
Fives. Matters needing attention in use
1. Selection of strains
The digestive tract microorganisms of animals have diversity and specificity, so different animal species have different requirements for strains. The same strains are used for different animals, and they often have different effects. When using, we must understand the performance and role of bacteria species, different products have different effects, improper choice can not achieve the intended purpose, but destroy the original flora, and even cause disease.
2. Application time
The application time is early, use from the suckling pig to guarantee the priority colonization of the beneficial bacteria. After the preparation enters the body, it must have a certain time to adjust the microbial flora in order to be colonized. The long-term continuous use of probiotics can produce control effects similar to the use of antibiotics, but increases the cost, and may be the method of choice for the production of animal products without drug residues, but as a current feeding conditions, as a kind of Ecological regulators are used in the post-illness recovery period, before and after various stress factors, to correct dysbacteriosis, and to treat dyspepsia.
3. Dose and concentration
The product must contain a considerable number of viable cells in order to achieve results. The number of viable bacteria in Lactobacillus preparations in Sweden is to be 21011/g. China's official approval of the production of preparations, there are provisions for the number and dosage of bacteria, Bacillus content ≥ 5108. At present, there are few reports on this area. Therefore, it must be used according to the product description.
4. Synergies of antibiotics
The use of antibacterial drugs to clean up the intestinal tract, remove barriers to the colonization and propagation of probiotics, and then take the probiotics, to achieve a better effect.
5. Pay attention to the shelf life of the preparation
Due to the imperfect current production process, there are certain difficulties in the preservation of most strains. Therefore, in the application should pay attention to the shelf life, with the extension of the storage time, the number of viable cells is constantly decreasing, the speed of the bacteria and the preservation conditions vary.
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