Some fruit growers came to the United States to inquire on the phone. Apples stored for a period of time with a brownish appearance on the surface of the contaminated surface. Nearly circular depression spots were found in the apple. After the incision, the flesh of the diseased part became brown and spongy. The flesh became bitter and inedible; the latter part of the disease was dry. what happened?
This is bitter apple disease and is the most troublesome problem for bagging farmers. In the recurring years, it will cause huge economic losses to the farmers. The disease must take comprehensive measures for pre-control in order to receive the desired results.
I. Analysis of the symptoms and occurrence of apple bitter pit disease
Bitter bitter pox disease is a kind of physiological disease. It is a disease that occurs in all parts of the world and is seriously endangered. In China, the use of chemical fertilizers in orchards keeps increasing, and after extensive bagging and cultivation, the disease condition is aggravated, especially when it comes to autumnal rain and fruit trees. Growing year.
Spots begin to appear when the fruit is nearly mature, and the storage period continues to develop. Lesions often occur at the top part of the near fruit. The lesions of the red variety were dark purple, dark green spots appeared on the green varieties, and gray-brown spots were formed on the blue varieties. The lesions generally do not have a layer of mildew or soft rot, unless they are infected with other saprophytic bacteria.
At present, it is generally believed that bitter apple disease is related to calcium deficiency in fruits. Scientists do observe that apples with bitter pitted apple have low levels of calcium and boron, while nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus and magnesium are higher than normal fruits; bagging is certain. The degree reduced the transpiration rate and the calcium content of the fruit, but it was also found that calcium spraying could not completely prevent the occurrence of bitter pit disease.
A comparative survey found:
Variety characteristics, tree nutrients, tree vigor, tree load, harvest time, and storage environment all affect morbidity. Moreover, often when we use more fat, the apple grows gratifyingly, and the fruit is big, thinking that it must have been a big harvest, bitter pox disease has taken place seriously.
Second, the causes of bitter pit disease
The occurrence of bitter pit disease in bagging apples is the result of the combined effect of weather and human factors.
(I) Weather factors
It is mainly abnormal weather in autumn. Continuous rainfall causes the soil to remain in a state of stagnant water for a long time, resulting in a small amount of absorption roots and a weak absorption function. Continuous continuous rain during the day causes the air to be in a state of high humidity for a long time, weakens the transpiration of the leaves, and has insufficient absorption of calcium.
(b) Human factors
1, soil fertilization is not scientific, leading to imbalance of nutrients. The high content of nitrogen and potassium in the soil inhibits the absorption of calcium.
2, fruit bagging.
After bagging, the water transpiration on the surface of the fruit is reduced, which reduces the absorption of calcium on the fruit. The earlier the bagging is, the heavier the disease will be. The poor permeability of the poor bag will aggravate the occurrence of bitter pits, and the medicine on the bag paper will be uneven. It will also make the skin burn dark.
3, improper management measures, leading to nutritional competition.
Wang Wangfu leaves more calcium than the fruit, and less calcium is obtained from the fruit.
4, not enough emphasis on calcium fertilizer.
Late autumn soil calcium application, or even do not apply calcium fertilizer; only pay attention to the application of calcium fertilizer before the bagging, while neglecting bagging, especially before and after bag extraction leaves calcium.
5. In the late growth period of fruit trees, due to the strong activity of the roots, the content of gibberellin in the tree is too high, resulting in excessive absorption of nitrogen and a relative decrease in calcium, which in turn causes the ratio of nitrogen and calcium in the flesh to be out of balance, resulting in bitter pit disease. Therefore, irrational fertilization is one of the reasons.
6, usually pay attention not to abuse nitrogen fertilizer, try to use the maturity of farmyard manure or commercial organic fertilizer, it is best to re-apply in the fall, spring less, fertilization with photosynthetic nutrient film fertilizer can help plants absorb a lot of light fertilizer, Light energy, light, compatibility with conventional fertilizers, and nutrients provide the plant growth and development to the limit. Apply once a year to benefit.
6, before flowering, young fruit period, sweet and beautiful spray in a timely manner to expand, can activate the positive growth of the plant ecological energy, broaden the path of the plant catheter, enhance the plant water absorption fertilizer, enhance fruit yield and quality, reduce fruit drop rate, reduce cracking fruit The incidence of fruit, nuts, and deformed fruit. Spraying 2 times each in the young fruit stage and fruit enlargement period can significantly reduce the incidence of bitter pit disease.
Third, apple bitter pit disease prevention and control methods
Although bitter pox disease appears in the mature period and storage period of apples, the prevention and control work must focus on the scientific management of the entire growth period of fruit trees. Maintaining the steady growth of fruit trees is the hard truth of prevention and control.
(A) Three underground good: live well, eat well, drink well
One is to live well.
Increase the availability of organic fertilizer with good quality, increase soil organic matter content, improve soil structure, increase soil permeability and maintain fertilizer and water retention capacity, create a good environment for root growth and development, and increase the capacity and quantity of calcium absorption in roots.
The best period for applying organic fertilizer is autumn, and the general result is that the amount of commercial organic fertilizer applied to the park mu is 2000-3000 kg, and that of self-made organic fertilizer is 4000-5000 kg.
The second is to eat well.
Eat evenly and eat enough. Nutrient nutrition should be comprehensive and the quantity should be sufficient. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium (Newly Said) A large number of elements + Trace Element Fertilizer + Biological Bacteria Fertilizer, 60% inorganic fertilizer throughout the year is applied together with the whole year's organic fertilizer in autumn, 40% of the annual inorganic fertilizer is 20% for spring bud application and 20% for fruit enlargement
Usually pay attention not to abuse nitrogenous fertilizers, try to use decomposed farmyard manure or commodity organic fertilizers, and fertilize with photosynthetic nutrient film fertilizers to help plants absorb a lot of light, light, light, compatible with conventional fertilizers, and nutrients for plant growth. Develop to the limit. Apply once a year to benefit.
Fertilization should be due to trees, not stereotyped, Wang tree can be a little larger proportion of organic fertilizer, a little less inorganic fertilizer; weaker trees can be a little larger proportion of inorganic fertilizer, organic fertilizer a little less; Golden mean tree balance. The heavy sand in the orchard can be a small number of times.
The general results of the garden each year 30 to 50 kg of fertilizer. Fertilization can be burrow-shaped, groove-like, do pay attention to the well-mixed soil.
In areas with severe bitter pit, each adult fruit tree is combined with organic fertilizer, biological fertilizer, trace elements, etc., and 2 kg of superphosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is added to promote the absorption of calcium by fruit trees.
Apple calcium deficiency should pay attention to tree calcium, methods:
In the 7 days after the apple has been rejected, before bagging, even spray 300-400 times of amino acid calcium or 150-200 times of calcium nitrate (applicable to yellow and green varieties), calcium chloride (applicable to red varieties), and R & F, Ammoniacal calcium, etc.; 2 to 3 days after bag extraction, spray I or 2 times. After the fruit is harvested, the fruit can be soaked with 5% calcium chloride solution.
The third is to drink well.
The orchards should be evenly distributed throughout the year. When drought occurs, they must be watered. When there is rain, they need to be drained to prevent excessive drought or overgrowth. Keep 60%~80% of the maximum soil moisture content.
(two) three good on the ground: wear, care, good
One is to wear well.
Trim moderately and maintain reasonable loads year after year. On the one hand to prevent the result too much or too little, on the one hand to keep the orchard air and light.
The fruit trees of each tree are suitable for tree selection, reasonable structure, ventilation and light transmission, balance between vegetative growth and reproductive growth, strong tree vigor, smooth bark and thick green leaves.
To prune trees, Wangshu needs fewer cuts, less branches, combined with twisted branches, branches, carving, stripping and cutting to promote flowering and ease tree vigor; weak and weak trees increase stimulation and increase tree vigor; The tree is trimmed properly to maintain balance.
The second is good protection.
To protect branches, leaves, fruits, and roots, it is required to do a good job of prevention and control of pests and diseases in orchards throughout the year.
Spray 4 times before bagging:
The first time before germination, the branches were sprayed dry, and the systemic fungicide + 25% urea. ;
The second time during the flowering red period, select the good quality of systemic sterilization + insecticide + polyoxin + foliar calcium fertilizer;
About 10 days after the third pass of Xiehua, choose a good quality protective fungicides + insecticide + polyoxin + foliar calcium fertilizer;
Before the 4 th bagging, choose a good quality systemic fungicide + insecticide + polyoxin + foliar calcium fertilizer.
4 to 8 times after bagging, the number and types of drugs were determined according to weather and orchard pests and diseases. The protective fungicide and the systemic fungicide should be used at intervals. The efficacy period of each drug must be well connected, and the spraying should be carefully and carefully. The inside and outside of the tree shrew, the branches and the front and back of the leaf should be sprayed uniformly.
Root disease occurs, it is necessary to cool the roots of the soil in time, and inject the systemic fungicide.
The third is good.
1, thinning fruit, reasonable load:
The average amount of fruit in the 3,000 to 4,000 kilograms per mu.
2, choose a good bag, bagging timely:
Choose paper bags with good paper and good air permeability. Do not bag too early or too late. It is advisable to finish from late May to the end of June. Affected fruit prematurely, too late fruit bleak.
3, timely tear bag, pick leaves and fruit, laying reflective film:
The time of tearing the bag generally controls the maximum temperature during the day and does not exceed 18~20°C. When the temperature difference between day and night is relatively large, it is necessary to avoid picking up the bags in the windy weather; picking leaves and turning fruit, laying reflective film to produce full-red export fruit, and creating high efficiency.
4, timely harvest, strict grade, beautiful packaging:
Bagging fruit should be timely harvested, prematurely affect the appearance of quality, should be harvested in batches in stages, to achieve a batch of batches to obtain a batch of batch; strict grading, so that department stores to send a hundred customers, a penny and a cargo; packaging Beautiful, good horse with good saddle, worth more.
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