The walnut planting industry in the hilly area of ​​Chuanzhong has been developed on a large scale after the implementation of the two major forestry projects, but at the same time of rapid development, there are also many problems. Problems such as low production and low efficiency, and input and output are not proportional. The following analysis summarizes the causes of low-yield and low-efficiency, and proposes specific countermeasures to improve the status of walnut planting in hilly areas and promote the healthy development of the walnut industry in the region.
1 Current status of walnut planting in the hilly area of ​​Central Sichuan
1.1 Geographical extent of the Chuanzhong hilly area
This area is the most typical Fangshan hilly area in China. Also known as the basin in the hills. Longquan Mountain in the Sichuan Basin in the west, Hualu Mountain in the east, Daba Mountain in the north, and south of the Yangtze River in the south, with an area of ​​about 84,000 km2. The hilly area and the creek are prominent geographical features. This area is the most stable part of the eastern Sichuan platform. In most areas, the rock formation is flat or dip. After cutting through the Jialing River, Minjiang River, Minjiang River and its tributaries, the surface hills are undulating, and the valleys are roundabout. The elevation is generally between 250m and 600m. The valley height difference is 50m~100m, with many shallow hills in the south and many deep hills in the north. It is the concentrated distribution area of ​​hills in Sichuan Province. At the same time, the soft-hardened fuchsia sandstone and mudstone often form a hilly hill or a table-like low hill with steep slopes and flats, and the hill slopes are mostly stepped, up to 3 to 4 grades. The Longquan Mountain on the western edge of the Chuanzhong Hill is a narrow mountain in the northeast. It is the natural watershed of the Minjiang River and the Lancang River. It is also the natural boundary line between the Chuanzhong Hill and the Western Sichuan Plain. It is about 210km long, about 10km to 18km wide, and the highest point is 700m~1000m. 1059m.
1.2 Key survey area climate factors
The investigation focused on the low-yield and low-efficiency forests of walnuts in Nanchong City, Lezhi County, Jintang County and Neijiang City. The main climatic factors are annual rainfall, accumulated temperature of ≥10 °C, annual average temperature, July average temperature, January average temperature, and extreme low temperature.
Table 1 Climate factor table of the investigation area of ​​the Chuanzhong Hilly Region
It is generally believed that the suitable temperature range of walnut is: annual rainfall of 400 m to 1 200 mm, ≥10 °C accumulated temperature of 3 000 ° C to 6 500 ° C, annual average temperature of 9 ° C ~ 18 ° C, the minimum minimum temperature is -25 ° C, The extreme maximum temperature is 35 ° C ~ 38 ° C. The frost-free period is more than 180 days. It can be seen from the table that the climatic conditions in the survey area can fully satisfy the growth conditions of walnuts, with a lot of rainfall and strong nutrient growth.
1.3 Status of walnut cultivation
The main varieties in the hilly area of ​​Chuanzhong include Xiangling and Chuanzao series (Chuanchao No.1, Chuanzao No.2), Liaosu nuclear series (mainly in Liaoning No.1), Yunnan foaming walnut, Xinxin No.2, Chuanxiang, Sichuan Nuclear waiting. The planting distribution is relatively sporadic, with blocky, point-like, strip-shaped planting areas, and the varieties planted vary. The planting years are different, and the growth and fruiting conditions are quite different. Most of the garden management is extensive and even allowed to grow, the pests and diseases are serious, the rate of hanging fruit is low, and the number of fruits is small, which is not enough to form “yieldâ€.
1.4 Status of walnut processing
In the survey area, walnut products (nuts) are mainly marketed as primary products. Commodity harvesting treatment, grading, packaging, etc. are relatively lagging behind, and some small micro enterprises and farmers' special organizations engaged in the sale of walnut dried fruits, walnut kernels, roasted walnuts, walnuts added food (walnut sugar, walnut cake, etc.) and walnut oil are cultivated. , but the scale of production is small.
2 Reasons for low production and low efficiency
2.1 Variety of varieties
2.1.1 Afforestation varieties are not pure
The Chuanzhong Hilly Area is a general cultivation area for walnuts in our province. The local cultivation of walnuts is mainly distributed in sporadic distribution. With the support and promotion of the two major projects and industrial construction in the later period, the walnut planting area has been developed on a large scale. In a county, the number of new walnut plants in a forestation year is several hundred thousand, and many more than one million. This leads to the lack of supervision and difficulties in the process of seedling procurement, the variety is disordered, and the purity of the variety is not high. At the same time, excessive development of early varieties, most of which showed poor adaptability and premature aging of trees, "small old man trees", weak trees, diseased trees accounted for a large proportion, resulting in low yield, low quality and low efficiency.
2.1.2 Blind high exchange
Due to some varieties of problems accumulated during the period of returning farmland to forests, there are more inferior seedlings and fake grafted seedlings, and growers have a strong willingness and enthusiasm for improving walnut varieties. Under this circumstance, most counties and districts have carried out improvement work on low-yield and low-efficiency walnut trees. Due to the lack of dominant and dominant walnut varieties in the hilly area of ​​Sichuan, the improved varieties of walnuts are mainly introduced from the north. As a result, the varieties improved by grafting are confusing, showing poor nut quality, serious pests and diseases, poor affinity, growth decline and even death.
2.2 Poor site conditions
2.2.1 Soil thinness
The county area of ​​the walnut is mainly composed of shallow hills and deep hills. The soil in the area is mainly purple soil and mountain yellow soil developed by purple-red shale. The thickness of the soil layer is generally shallow, the soil organic matter content is low, and the soil fertility is poor. . The majority of walnuts developed through engineering afforestation are planned to be planted in returning farmland to forest land, sloping land, and open wasteland. The soil is thin and the growth is poor.
2.2.2 Poor rain and heat conditions
According to the statistics of rainfall and sunshine hours in recent years, the rainfall in this area is about 900 mm to 1 200 mm, and the sunshine hours are about 1 200 h to 1 600 h. Due to the rain and heat, the summer rainfall reached about 50% of the whole year, which is not conducive to dry matter accumulation and flower bud differentiation. The walnut fruiting volume, yield and nut quality are adversely affected, and the economic benefits are low.
2.2.3 Small runoff
The rivers in the area are short and the runoff is insufficient. Runoff recharge almost relies entirely on natural precipitation, which is a typical “eat by day†arid zone. In the flood season (summer), the water flow is large, which often causes short-term water accumulation, damages the walnut root system, and the water volume is released in the form of flash floods. During the dry season (winter and spring), the breakage of the small river brings difficulties to the irrigation of the garden.
2.3 serious pests and diseases
2.3.1 Main diseases
The main diseases that endanger walnuts are black spot, anthrax, and plaster. It is generally manifested that the early varieties are seriously affected. The main features are: black spot disease has a great influence on the leaves and fruits of early-real varieties. The main hazard period is the harvest period from the beginning of May to September. Walnut black spot disease has a faster onset of disease and more serious disease; anthracnose mainly damages fruits and leaves, and the lesions begin to be round or irregular light brown dark spots, and the color gradually deepens and the middle sinks, resulting in small black spots. When the temperature is high and the humidity is high, the small black spots in the center of the lesion overflow the orange-pink bun group; the disease appears obvious lesions at the beginning of June, and the disease begins to worsen in the rainy season in July. The lesions gradually turn black and become large, and from late July to 8 In the second half of the month, a large area of ​​disease occurred, and a large number of deciduous and rotten fruits appeared. The nuts became black and rotten; the plaster disease mainly harmed the branches, causing damage to the bark-leaved tissues and forming lesions and dead branches. The hot and rainy season is beneficial to the disease, and the old orchard with extensive moist and shaded management is more common. At the same time, the field of scale insects is also beneficial.
Table 2: Investigation on the degree of damage of diseases to walnut trees
Note: The degree of harm is divided into three levels, "+" means mild, "++" means moderate, "+++" means severe, blank means no or rare, the same below.
2.3.2 Major pests
The main pests that harm walnuts are Tianniu (M. elegans, A. sinensis), scale insects, peach aphid, and fruit stalks. According to the pest investigation, Tianniu, as a dry pest, has a serious impact on the growth of the tree. After the larva is injected into the trunk, the phloem and the medulla are destroyed, causing the tree to decline and die. Adults endangered shoots and shoots before mating and spawning, causing dead branches and spreading pathogens; scale insects often present regional outbreaks, which in the early stage endangered the bottom trunk, spread later, and the leaves and fruits were sucked by juice, resulting in reduced yields. The tree body withered and died; the scorpion scorpion mainly harmed the top shoots of the plant, causing the branches to stop growing; the chafers feed on the young leaves and fruits, mainly causing fruit drop, fruit malformation, affecting yield, resulting in reduced yield and reduced yield; The weevil on the branches of the adult winter, no serious damage to the fruit trees.
Table 3: Investigation on the damage degree of pests to walnut trees
2.4 Management awareness is weak
2.4.1 Replanting light pipe
The grassroots growers have a high enthusiasm for the development of walnuts, and the survival rate and preservation rate of seedlings distributed through various project routes are high. However, in the traditional management consciousness, walnuts are planted in the front and back of the house, and the fields and fields are not subject to fine management. At the same time, the “no-tillage†planting promoted in traditional crop cultivation has reduced the soil organic matter content and soil permeability to some extent. Therefore, the combination of several reasons has resulted in a large area of ​​walnut planting, ridiculous, laissez-faire management, poor growth, less solid or even weak.
2.4.2 excessive scratching
The investigation found that the planted walnut varieties had strong nutrient growth, and the test flowers were just started, that is, the growers chopped or scratched with a knife, and the susceptible insects quickly declined in a few years, causing the tree body. Withered. This phenomenon accounts for a large proportion of the trees in the four sides.
2.4.3 Insufficient management of water and fertilizer
Due to the low management awareness and long-term benefit period, the water and fertilization management of walnut trees is seriously insufficient. Irrigation relies mainly on natural precipitation; fertilization relies on the cultivation of crops under the forest and between forests; some ridiculous walnut forests do not carry out artificial water and fertilizer management, and even appear to compete with weeds.
2.5 lack of cultivation techniques
2.5.1 Growers' technical quality is low
Walnut growers are divided into several types, such as farmers, specialized organizations, and companies. Due to the late start of walnut intensification, the comparative benefits are relatively low, and the farmers' mastery of planting techniques and enthusiasm for learning are not high. The company and the special organization are willing to join the walnut business team organization, and the enthusiasm for learning technology is high, but lack of professionalism. The technicians and teams have certain limitations on the cultivation techniques, and are not systematic and comprehensive.
2.5.2 The technical service system is not sound
In recent years, with the development of forestry industry and the development of new-type management organizations, the overall level of forestry science and technology services has been greatly improved. However, the Chuanzhong hilly area belongs to the traditional agricultural planting area, the forestry foundation is weak, the forestry technicians at the county, township and village levels are lacking, and the technical service system is imperfect. The technical needs and problems of the growers in the walnut cultivation process are not available. Quick and effective solution.
2.5.3 Plastic trimming is not in place
Plastic pruning is the human intervention and operation adopted to control the growth and growth of walnut trees. The saplings are mainly shaped and cultivated in a good tree shape; the fruit trees should be properly pruned, and the resulting branches should be cultivated to regulate the tree-shaped trees. In the traditional cultivation habits, walnuts are mainly cultivated in the form of tall and sparse trees, and ordinary growers have not adopted pruning management. However, in the scale of industrial promotion, the regulation and pruning of dwarf tree shape is an important management measure for the early production of walnut trees, but this technology has not received due attention.
2.5.4 Pest control is not timely
Due to the lack of identification and prevention techniques for common pests and diseases, the prevention and treatment time is often delayed, and the best time for prevention is missed. Damage to trees or fruits by pests and diseases has been caused, irreversible, affecting tree growth and nut yield. For example, in the early stage of the beetle, it is difficult to find at the base of the trunk. Once the color of the leaves turns yellow and the tree is weakened, the beetles have seriously damaged the grooming structure of the trunk, and the control effect is greatly reduced. For example, bacterial black spot disease is in the early stage of the disease. The fruit turns yellow and black, until the whole green skin is infected with dark spots, which will cause the growers to pay attention. At this time, even if the control is effective, the diseased green fruit around the diseased fruit is preserved, but the nut after harvest is full and taste. Will also be affected.
2.5.5 Improper timing of picking green fruit
In order to get the fresh fruit listed in advance, seize the market, and strive for price advantage, grabbing the green is a common method used by growers. The green fruit is not yellowed, the crack is picked, and the green skin is removed by auxin ripening, heap rot, etc., and it is sold in the market. This phenomenon drives other growers to rush to harvest, peeling, washing, drying and entering the market in advance, resulting in the drying of the kernels, the low rate of the kernel, the taste and the nutritional value are not up to the natural maturity quality standards.
2.6 Climate adaptability
2.6.1 Flowering freeze damage
Due to the influence of cold air, some of the annual flowering period will be affected by extreme low temperature, causing freezing damage to the female flowers, resulting in a large number of falling flowers and fruits. For example, in 2016, the “cold spring cold†caused the fruit setting rate of most walnut gardens in the hilly area of ​​Sichuan to decrease, and the fruiting volume decreased, which directly affected the harvest yield of walnuts. This kind of extreme cold weather in the spring, the Chuanzhong hilly area occurs almost every year, but the degree of damage will vary according to the low temperature duration and the temperature difference.
2.6.2 Small temperature difference between day and night
The hard core period of walnut fruit is from June to August, which is the best time for nutrient accumulation of nuts. At this stage, the temperature difference between day and night is small, and the accumulation of nut organic matter is obviously lower than that of climate zone with large temperature difference. This is also one of the important reasons why the walnut nuts produced in the region are lower in taste and kernel yield than some walnut producing areas in Aba Prefecture and Liangshan Prefecture.
2.6.3 Summer high temperature and high humidity
The rainy season with the highest temperature and the highest humidity in summer is also the picking period of walnut. The high temperature and high humidity climate caused the walnut fruit to be peeled off in time, the nuts could not be dried in time, and the commercial properties and quality of the fruit decreased significantly.
3 Countermeasure analysis
3.1 Improve management awareness
3.1.1 Popular forestry training
In combination with forestry science training materials distribution, on-site training, consulting hotline, technical service group and other forms, gradually promote the skilled masters of the region in the region, cultivate management awareness and improve management.
3.1.2 Improve the publicity service system
Skilled mastery is the result of long-term practice. Therefore, the establishment of a sound technical propaganda and technical service system is more conducive to the promotion of technology. In the system construction, we must start from the technical support, financing channels, the formation of specialized organizations, and leading enterprises to build a technical service system.
3.2 Promote local varieties
3.2.1 Elimination of non-applicable varieties
According to the principle of adapting suitable varieties of suitable trees, the varieties with poor growth and fruiting are eliminated in time, and the varieties with excellent growth and development, high yield and stable yield, excellent commercial traits and good quality of nucleolus are improved.
3.2.2 Investigation and exploration of fine local varieties
The local fine varieties are the result of long-term natural and artificial selection, have good adaptability, have excellent traits for long-term artificial selection, and integrate some excellent traits of two walnut groups in the north and the south, and have strong adaptability. Therefore, the selection of excellent varieties from the local is the most suitable breeding route.
3.2.3 Promote local fine varieties
The promotion of improved varieties is a gradual process, including a series of processes such as base demonstration, seedling raising and planting. The base demonstration is to highlight the demonstration effect of local improved varieties, increase the enthusiasm and self-confidence of growers to promote development; seedling is an important link to promote planting, to ensure the local rootstock adaptability and good grafting survival rate, to provide the best quality seedlings for Promote cultivation.
3.3 Do a good job in industrial construction demonstration
3.3.1 Establish a standardized cultivation demonstration base
The benign development of the industry depends on the base. Only by establishing a standard and efficient cultivation base, increasing the yield per unit area of ​​walnuts, and creating more industrial benefits, can we fully establish the confidence and enthusiasm of the masses of the masses, and drive the surrounding combination organizations, large planters, and retail investors to carry out high-standard cultivation management. Industrial development income, promote industrial quality and efficiency.
3.3.2 Strengthening infrastructure construction
The development of industrial bases requires basic conditions such as breeding, irrigation and drainage facilities, and production of access roads. Breeding carp is an important place to provide high-quality cuttings and seedlings. It is necessary to strictly supervise and control the source of materials and channels, and carry out directed seedlings. The hilly area in central Sichuan is a typical area with uneven rain and heat. Do a good job in the construction of irrigation and drainage ditches in the industrial development area, effectively prevent the occurrence of spring drought and summer flood; production of access roads and other necessary conditions to improve the efficiency of the park and reduce management costs.
3.3.3 Promote a market-oriented industrial model
The benign development of the industry requires the establishment of a market-oriented development model to maximize and normalize benefits. Under the guidance of the competent authorities of the industry, it is necessary to promote the front end of the industry, such as companies and specialized organizations, to obtain the supply and demand information, from the diversification of nut products (fresh and dried fruits, large fruits and small fruits, etc.) Diversified processing products, keeping up with market trends, obtaining the greatest economic benefits, driving the development of the planting industry, avoiding the phenomenon of self-production, sales and slow sales.
3.4 Improve harvesting and processing technology
3.4.1 Master the timing of recent fruit harvesting
The mature stage of walnut in the hilly area of ​​Chuanzhong is generally in early September, but the individual plants under different varieties, different years and different site conditions have early or delayed maturity. In general, the mature appearance of walnuts is characterized by greenish yellow peeling from green to yellow, about 1/3 of the top cracking, and the green peel is easy to peel off. The internal characteristics are full kernels, mature embryos, hardened cotyledons, and rich flavor. Fragrant. The harvest is too early, the nucleolus is not full, the rate of kernel is low, and the oil content is low. The harvest is late, and the color of the shell and nucleolus is darker, which affects the appearance of the product.
3.4.2 Improve the initial processing of nuts
The traditional method is to obtain a nut product with poor appearance by means of stacking and peeling, natural drying and the like, and at the same time, the moisture content is high and it is difficult to store for a long time. In order to obtain high quality nuts, it is advisable to use peeling (0.3% to 0.5% ethephon), timely rinsing, constant temperature drying (30 ° C ~ 35 ° C) and other steps to improve the appearance of nuts, maintain a reasonable moisture content, avoid nuclear The oil is produced to improve the quality of the goods.
3.4.3 Moderately carry out intensive processing
Traditional nut sales market demand is limited and profit margins are low. In order to improve the added value of products, under the guidance of leading enterprises, we can develop products such as fried walnuts, walnut kernel products, walnut powder, walnut drinks, etc., and gradually establish a processing and sales platform, from scratch, from superior to advanced, and gradually develop. Change the status quo of the backward production and processing of walnut in the hilly area of ​​Sichuan, and realize the development of walnut production and processing.
Today's content is summed up here, you walnut growers can think more about the experience of others, and then see if they have the same problem, to avoid making mistakes later.
We are manufacturer of Anti-coronavirus Product in China, if you want to buy Anti Fog Surgical Eye Glasses,Medical Isolation Stretcher,Kn95 Mask please contact us.
Emergency Stretcher .Isolation Chamber .first aid kit .ventilator
Anti-coronavirus Product,Anti Fog Surgical Eye Glasses,Medical Isolation Stretcher,Kn95 Mask,Medical Protective Clothing
Medton Medical , https://www.medton.cn