I believe that many farmers have this feeling: I don’t know when to start, there are so many growers around them, the fertilizer packaging they use is getting more and more beautiful, and the amount of fertilizer is getting less and less, and management is getting easier. What is even more surprising is that the crops are as long as possible, and the prices of agricultural products are rising. Because this fertilizer has both a high-efficiency and a small amount of magical effects, people call them "special fertilizers."
What is special fertilizer, why is there such a magical effect? ​​Under the background of zero growth of chemical fertilizers, the reduction of chemical fertilizer consumption has been paid more and more attention. Who can reuse it under the requirement of “reduction and quality assurance�
In recent years, a large number of new special fertilizers with specific functions, such as alginic acid fertilizer, humic acid fertilizer, microbial fertilizer, water soluble fertilizer, soil conditioner, silicon fertilizer and functional compound fertilizer, can meet different growth stages of different crops. The nutrient demand, and it has many advantages such as labor saving, energy saving, environmental protection, improving crop resilience and product quality, and is increasingly favored by the market.
Alginate fertilizer
Many coastal countries in the world have long used to collect seaweed to make compost, which is applied in farmland and has obvious effect on increasing yield. In the seventeenth century, the French government strongly recommended the use of seaweed as a soil fertilizer in coastal areas, and clearly stated the conditions, sea area and time for collecting seaweed. In 1880, a comparative experiment using seaweed fertilizer was strictly carried out, which clearly revealed the advantages of seaweed fertilizer. However, the systematic study of seaweed fertilizer has been carried out for nearly 20 years, bringing modern science and technology to this field.
Modern seaweed fertilizer is a new type of fertilizer that is processed by high-tech processing of preferred seaweed. The world has also formed a considerable scale of seaweed fertilizer industry. The countries that have developed advanced application of seaweed fertilizer are Britain, Norway, South Africa, etc.
Modern seaweed fertilizer is the fourth generation of fertilizer after the farmer's organic fertilizer, chemical fertilizer and biological fertilizer. It has the comprehensive nutrient composition of farmyard manure, does not pollute the environment, and can improve the soil by fertilizing the soil. It also has the quick-acting effect of chemical fertilizer. , with biological fertilizers to promote crop growth and development, improve yield, improve quality and activate soil;
In addition, it can also deworm, prevent disease, cure diseases, improve crop drought resistance, cold resistance and other effects. Seaweed fertilizer has been widely applied in many countries in the world, and has achieved remarkable economic, social and ecological benefits.
Related studies have shown that more than 66 active ingredients and active substances of seaweed fertilizer reveal some mechanisms for their miraculous effects. Seaweed fertilizer can supply a variety of active ingredients such as nutrients, micronutrients, amino acids, polysaccharides, vitamins and cytokinins.
It can help plants to establish strong root system, enhance their absorption and utilization of soil nutrients, water and gas; increase vascular cells of plant stems, accelerate the transportation of water, nutrients and photosynthetic products; promote plant cell division and delay cells Aging, effectively improve photosynthesis efficiency, increase yield, improve quality, prolong storage and preservation period, and enhance crops' drought resistance, cold resistance, and resistance to diseases and insects. Seaweed fertilizer can also break down soil compaction, control salt and alkali and desert Gobi.
2. Humic acid fertilizer
Humic acid has been obtained from the soil for the first time, and it has been studied for more than 200 years. China had carried out some early work in the late 1950s and early 1960s, but it was really encouraged and promoted by the state after the mid-1970s. It has been two or three decades. Especially in recent years, with the unremitting efforts of the vast number of scientific and technological workers, the development and utilization of humic acid has made great progress, making new progress in the research and application of humic acid fertilizer.
Since humic acid has been sprayed on the leaf surface, it can reduce the pores of the leaf surface, reduce the transpiration of water, and improve the drought resistance of crops. Humic acid has been mainly used as a plant regulator for the components of foliar fertilizer. Get more and more applications. There have been 53 companies of various forms of foliar fertilizer registered with the Ministry of Agriculture of China from December 1997 to July 2001.
Biotechnology fulvic acid is a new product developed in recent years. If it can make full use of its characteristics of small molecular weight, high biological activity, good water solubility, strong resistance to hard water and strong chelation ability, it can be made into biotechnology fulvic acid micro-fertilizer, which can not only supplement the trace elements needed by crops, but also It can exert the regulation effect of fulvic acid on the growth of plants, and has the advantages and characteristics of improving the absorption rate of trace elements, enhancing disease resistance and resisting hard water than traditional humic acid foliar fertilizer. Therefore, research and development of such liquid micro-fertilizers are of great significance for agricultural water saving and improvement of crop quality and yield.
In recent years, humic acid compound fertilizer has developed in China. The total content of NPK is 20%-25%, organic matter ≥20%, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, zinc, iron, Boron is ≥16%, of which trace elements account for about 0.2%, and humic acid content is 3%, 5% or 10%. In addition, it has been proved that the four humates of calcium humate, magnesium, potassium and sodium have a stimulating effect on crop growth, and the effect is better after adding appropriate amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
While the production process and scale of humic acid compound fertilizer have been improved, the production methods and the selection and utilization of raw materials have also made great progress, mainly in:
(1) Adding NPK bacteria to the traditional compound fertilizer to make bio-fertilizer, making the nutrient elements in the compound fertilizer diversified, improving the fertilizer efficiency, and increasing the average yield of rice by more than 10%.
(2) Since the humic acid urea complex is an organic composite urea, the nitrogen is quick-acting and slow-acting, and is a slow-release urea, so it can be used for preparing various slow-release special compound fertilizer substrates, and is beneficial to exhibiting humic acid to ammonia. Synergism, biological activity and other ecological effects.
(3) Developed a stable new type of compound fertilizer with ammonium bicarbonate as the main body. The main components of nitrogen fertilizer in China are urea and ammonium bicarbonate, which account for 90% of the total nitrogen fertilizer production. Ammonium bicarbonate is a unique nitrogen fertilizer variety in China. It has the advantages of sufficient supply, low price, fast fertilizer efficiency, wide adaptability and no side effects on the soil. However, due to its susceptibility to moisture absorption, easy decomposition, volatility, easy agglomeration, difficulty in storage, short fertilizer period, and low nitrogen content, it further restricts further promotion and application.
(4) New research progress has been made on the mechanism of humic acid adsorption of phosphorus, which is of great significance for improving the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer and the new adsorbent for dephosphorization of wastewater.
China is a big country in the production and utilization of humic acid. If it can be developed and utilized well, it will definitely make greater contributions and contributions to the field of fertilizer.
3. Microbial fertilizer
Microbial fertilizer is a kind of product that causes the crop to obtain a specific fertilizer effect by the life activity of microorganisms, and is a kind of fertilizer used in agricultural production. It has a history of nearly 50 years in China. The evolution of the name from the rhizobial agent-bacterial fertilizer-microbial fertilizer has illustrated the process of the development of microbial fertilizer in China.
For a long time, there have been some misunderstandings and prejudices about the concept of microbial fertilizer in society. One view is that it is highly effective, treating it as a universal fertilizer, and even threatening to completely replace fertilizer; another view is that it is not a fertilizer at all.
In fact, both are biased. Many years of experiments at home and abroad have proved that inoculation of leguminous crops such as soybeans and peanuts with Rhizobium can improve the symbiotic nitrogen fixation efficiency, and indeed has the effect of increasing production. Reasonable application of other bacterial fertilizers for seed dressing or application of microbial fertilizers also has an effect of increasing yield on non-legume crops, and There is no effect that chemical fertilizers can't. Therefore, we believe that it is a fertilizer, and it is different from traditional fertilizers and organic fertilizers in terms of concept and connotation.
Microbial fertilizer is a living fertilizer, and its function is mainly achieved by the life activities of a large number of beneficial microorganisms it contains. Only when these beneficial microorganisms are in vigorous breeding and metabolism can material transformation and beneficial metabolites continue to form.
Therefore, the type of beneficial microorganisms in microbial fertilizers and the vitality of life activities are the basis of their effectiveness, unlike other fertilizers based on the form and amount of major elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
Because microbial fertilizer is a living preparation, its fertilizer efficiency is closely related to the number, intensity and environmental conditions of living bacteria, including temperature, water, pH, nutrient conditions and indigenous microbes in the soil. Pay attention when applying.
Microbial fertilizers also have a special effect that some other fertilizers do not have.
(1) Improve fertilizer utilization rate
With the large use of chemical fertilizers, it is a well-known fact that its utilization rate is decreasing. This shows that only a large amount of fertilizer application to increase crop yield is limited, not to mention a series of problems such as environmental pollution. To this end, scientists in various countries have been striving to explore ways to increase the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers to achieve balanced fertilization and rational fertilization to overcome their drawbacks.
Microbial fertilizers have a unique role in solving this problem. Therefore, according to the crop types and soil conditions in China, the combination of microbial fertilizer and chemical fertilizer can not only increase production, but also reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and reduce costs. At the same time, it can improve soil and crop quality and reduce pollution.
(2) Green food production
With the continuous improvement of people's living standards, especially people's requirements for improving the quality of life, both domestic and foreign are actively developing green agriculture (ecological organic agriculture) to produce safe, pollution-free green food. Chemical fertilizers, chemical pesticides and other chemicals are required or not used (or limitedly used) in the production of green foods. It requires that the fertilizer must first protect and promote the growth and quality of the applied object;
Secondly, it does not cause the production object to produce and accumulate harmful substances; the third is that it has no adverse effects on the ecological environment. Microbial fertilizers basically conform to the above three principles. China has used a variety of microbial fertilizers to produce a variety of microbial fertilizers, which can not only reduce or reduce agricultural pollution, but also improve the quality of agricultural products.
(3) Improved soil
Beneficial microorganisms in microbial fertilizers can produce carbohydrates, accounting for 0.1% of soil organic matter. Combined with plant mucus, mineral embryos and organic colloids, it can improve soil aggregate structure, enhance soil physical properties and reduce soil particle loss. Under certain conditions, it can also participate in the formation of humic substances. Therefore, the application of microbial fertilizer can improve the physical properties of the soil and help to improve soil fertility.
4. Water soluble fertilizer
Water-soluble fertilizer refers to a compound fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, humic acid and trace elements which can be completely dissolved in water. There are two types of solid water soluble fertilizer and liquid water soluble fertilizer. From the nutrient content, there are a large number of elemental water-soluble fertilizers, trace element water-soluble fertilizers, and functional water-soluble fertilizers.
Compared with traditional superphosphate, granulated compound fertilizer and other varieties, water-soluble fertilizer has obvious advantages. It is a quick-acting fertilizer with good water solubility and no residue. It can be completely dissolved in water and can be directly absorbed and utilized by the roots and leaves of crops. The use of water and fertilizer, the application of water and fertilizer, the integration of water and fertilizer, its effective absorption rate is more than double that of ordinary fertilizer, reaching 80%-90%;
And the fertilizer efficiency is fast, which can solve the nutritional needs of high-yield crops in the rapid growth period. The water requirement of the drip irrigation system is only 30% of that of ordinary fertilizer, and the application of fertilizer can be done almost without labor, which greatly saves labor costs. More and more soil and fertilizer experts, agricultural technology extension experts, agricultural resource distributors and farmers have recognized the importance of water-soluble fertilizers.
As a quick-acting fertilizer, water-soluble fertilizer has more comprehensive nutrient elements, and has different formulas according to the fertilizer characteristics of different crops. The market sells vegetables, fruit trees, flowers, grain, cotton, oil, etc. A special water-soluble fertilizer for crops.
Due to the high price of water-soluble fertilizers, it has not been widely spread. The general consumption areas are mainly concentrated in greenhouse vegetable production bases, fruit tree production bases and some flowering areas, such as Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Xinjiang, Sichuan, Guangxi, Yunnan and Hainan are key consumption areas for water-soluble fertilizers.
Due to the short growth cycle of vegetables and high economic benefits, consumers have high requirements for the quality of vegetables, and the demand for fertilizers by vegetable farmers is also high. Water-soluble fertilizers have become the preferred fertilizer for vegetable farmers, and high-quality vegetables grown can sell at a good price. It brings high profits, so vegetables become the main consumers of water-soluble fertilizers. For field crops, because of their high cost, people are generally reluctant to invest, or only accept traditional fertilizer.
China is one of the countries with poor global freshwater resources. The problems of seasonal and industrial distribution of agriculture and regional water shortage are prominent. As a new type of environmentally friendly fertilizer, water-soluble fertilizer can be sprayed and applied, and can be combined with spray drip irrigation to have obvious advantages in improving fertilizer utilization rate, saving agricultural water, reducing ecological environment pollution, improving crop quality and reducing labor.
With the intensive and large-scale development of China's agriculture, the lack of water resources, and the emergence of large-scale farms, the agricultural area of ​​drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation water-saving facilities has expanded rapidly. In the industry, there are more and more government departments, experts and scholars. Technology promotion and agricultural practitioners recognize the importance of water-soluble fertilizers and water-soluble fertilizer industries. Water-soluble fertilizer is a new generation of fertilizer that is more environmentally friendly and more sustainable. It is also a key development project and project for the future of China's fertilizer industry and industry.
5. Soil conditioner
The soil conditioner is composed of agricultural water-retaining agent and natural peat rich in organic matter and humic acid, or other organic matter, supplemented by bioactive components and nutrients, and processed by scientific process, which is extremely remarkable. Three soil conditioning properties: water retention, fattening, and ventilation. It can break the soil compaction, loose soil, improve soil permeability, reduce soil bulk density, promote soil microbial activity, and enhance soil fertility and water penetration;
It has the functions of improving soil, retaining water and drought, enhancing crop disease resistance, improving crop yield, improving agricultural product quality, restoring original crop ecology, greatly improving tree planting survival rate and agricultural product yield; improving agricultural and forestry product quality, and restoring the natural features of agricultural and forestry products.
There are many types of soil conditioners in the market, and soil conditioners can be classified according to the nature of materials:
(1) Synthetic soil conditioner: a synthetic product added to the soil to improve its physical properties;
(2) Inorganic soil conditioner: a regulator that does not contain organic matter and does not indicate the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium or trace elements;
(3) Inorganic soil conditioner for adding fertilizer: a fertilizer-containing inorganic soil conditioner having a soil conditioner effect;
(4) Organic soil conditioner: A plant or animal and plant derived product used to improve the physical properties and biological activity of the soil. Because the total amount of nutrients contained in organic soil conditioners is very low, usually less than 2% of the final product, it cannot be classified as fertilizer;
(5) Organic-inorganic soil conditioner: its available substances and elements are derived from organic and inorganic substances, and are made by mixing and/or compounding organic soil conditioners with soil conditioners containing calcium and magnesium (or) sulfur. .
According to different functions, soil conditioners can be further divided into: soil binders for agglomerating dispersed soil particles and improving soil structure; soil stabilizers for fixing topsoil and preventing soil erosion; soil acid regulators for adjusting soil pH; and soil temperature increase Soil warming agent;
The soil water retaining agent capable of maintaining soil moisture, the water retaining soil conditioner is further divided into a liquid water retaining agent and a solid water retaining agent, wherein the solid water retaining agent includes a starch system, a blend and a composite system, a protein, a synthetic resin system, and a cellulose. Department and so on.
6. Chelated fertilizer
In the field of compound fertilizers in China, enterprises have allocated medium and trace elements to the local soil deficiency, which effectively improves the utilization rate of fertilizers. In order to achieve the purpose of balanced fertilization, in the case of normal fertilization, the deficiency of some plants In the case of adding one or several medium and trace elements, this practice is a good thing for the dead, but it still plays a certain role in balancing the elements needed for crops and preventing the physiological diseases caused by deficiency. Most of the medium and trace elements used in China are simple inorganic salts, and the utilization rate is limited.
In the inorganic activity, once the trace elements enter the fertilizer and are applied to the soil, most of them will lose their activity and can be absorbed by the plants. Therefore, even if the balanced fertilization and balanced fertilization are not balanced by the crops, this is why the soil has been measured. Balanced fertilization, but crops still suffer from symptoms of deficiency.
In order to solve this contradiction, EDTA, citric acid, fulvic acid, tartaric acid and the like were first used as chelating agents to form a chelate compound of trace elements, which effectively improved the stability of trace elements and improved the utilization rate of fertilizers. However, the above-mentioned chelating agents are costly, and it is difficult to accept and use this high-priced fertilizer in the absence of farmers' awareness of the full-element balanced fertilizer.
In recent years, there are trace element chelates in the use of waste protein, active humic acid and amino acids to produce inexpensive amino acids. The production cost is 8%-10% of the trace element chelate in EDTA, even if 2% is added to the compound fertilizer. -3%, the cost is only increased by 60-80 yuan / ton, and the utilization rate of this compound fertilizer can be increased by 10% -20%, compared with the simple N, P, K ternary compound fertilizer, increase production by 10% -25 %, in areas where there are serious shortages of trace elements in individual areas, it can reach more than 30%, and the effect is very obvious. Since the amino acid itself can be directly absorbed by plants, it stimulates plant growth and is directly used by plants without photosynthesis;
When used as a chelate, it can protect metal ions from side reactions with other substances. After protecting metal ions to reach the desired parts of plants, they are also absorbed and utilized by crops. Therefore, trace element chelate compounds in amino acids are excellent in performance. The organic micro-fertilizer with low price and moderate chelation constant can effectively solve the contradiction between balanced fertilizer and balanced absorption of crops.
Maybe you still can't clearly feel the changes around you, but the fact is that China has become the country with the highest total amount of special fertilizers in the world.
According to the "China New Fertilizer Industry Development Report (2014)", China's special fertilizer application accounts for about 40% of the world's total consumption. In 2014, there were more than 6,600 domestic special fertilizer production enterprises, more than 5,000 special fertilizer varieties, 3500-3700 tons of new fertilizers, and an application area of ​​about 900 million mu. The entire specialty fertilizer industry is growing at an annual rate of more than 15%, achieving a total output value of nearly 90 billion yuan and a profit of nearly 12 billion yuan. Special fertilizers are in the golden opportunity of development. (Source: Agricultural Materials and Market Magazine)
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