First, soil and fertilizer management
1, soil management
(1) Tree tray management
In order to promote the growth and development of walnut saplings, tree-planting, weeding or weeding operations are performed every year after planting. 1 Tree Tray Tillage Generally, the tree tray is deeply turned in the early spring or late autumn. Its scope is the same as that of the tree canopy. The method is to use a planer or a shovel to deep-deep and the depth is 20-30 cm. 2 Tree shrubs, grass orchards and grass shrubs are water conservation and water saving measures that can be carried out throughout the year, but summer (May) is preferable. The mountain and walnut gardens can cover weeds, leaves, crop stalks, etc. on the tree trays. When covering the grass, it is necessary to pay attention to the fresh coverings. It is better to use them after preliminary rot in the rainy season. After covering grass, many pests inhabiting grass should pay attention to spraying on the grass and play a concentrated trapping effect. In the fall, the fallen leaves and diseased branches should be cleaned up to prevent the occurrence of diseases and pests such as early leaf defoliation, leaf leaf moth and walnut anthracnose. In addition, many plain areas have summarized and improved the orchard covering technique, that is, the tree trays (tree shrubs) covered with grass in autumn and autumn, and are planted every year in May. The amount of grass used per mu is about 1500 kg, and the thickness is maintained at 5 About centimeters, until the autumn basal fertilizer turned underground.
(2) Tree Management
1 During the growing period of tree cultivation, the ploughing orchards shall be plowed 2 or 3 times in the trees with animal power or machinery to a depth of 15-20 cm. 2 Weeding intercropping of walnut gardens can be combined with the management of intercropping. Non-intercropping of the walnut gardens can be based on the occurrence of weeds, in accordance with the principle of weeding, small and clean, annual 3-4 times, using manual or mechanical weeding. Intercropping the straw between the harvested crops also effectively suppresses the growth of weeds, and at the same time helps the soil moisture.
(3) Reasonably asked
Management of summer and autumn should fully reserve walnut ventilation belt according to the intercropping situation, solve the contradiction between water and fertilizer management of walnut trees and crops, and under the premise of not affecting the normal growth of walnut trees, select one-year-long dwarf crops or medicinal materials for economic benefits. Crop intercropping to improve the early benefits of walnut young gardens.
2, fertilization
(1) Dressing
After applying fertilizer to the soil, the fertilizer can be used in a short period of time. The newly planted and early-fruiting walnut trees are applied at a shoot length of 15 cm. Generally, 100 g of urea and 50 g of compound fertilizer are applied. Mature walnut trees are applied in 2 separate batches. The first topdressing, early solid walnuts were carried out before flowering; late real walnuts were carried out at the beginning of leaf development. Fertilizers used are mainly fast-acting nitrogen fertilizers, such as urea. The second top-dressing, early-mature walnuts were carried out in the middle and early June of the fruit development, and the latter was carried out in the middle and early June. The fertilizer used is mainly compound fertilizer, such as NPK fertilizer, diammonium phosphate and so on.
(2) foliar spray fertilizer
During the growing period of walnut, spraying 300 times of urea every 15 days, it has the effect of promoting the growth of new shoots and increasing the thickness of green leaves. Top dressing and foliar spray can be performed simultaneously or alternately.
3, water management
During the summer months from May to June, the normal high temperature is less rain, and during this period, the period of rapid growth and flowering of the walnut tree and the development of the fruit requires a lot of water, which should be supplemented by irrigation. The period of irrigation, the number of times, etc., depend on the climatic conditions, the amount of soil moisture, and the growth of walnut trees. The method of irrigation should also be based on the local water conditions and equipment conditions for irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation and so on. Tests have shown that irrigating 1-3 times of water during summer drought is crucial for the growth and development of walnuts. After flowering of walnuts and before flower bud differentiation, that is, around June, after the female flowers are fertilized, the fruits enter the fast-growing period, and the growth volume accounts for about 80% of the annual growth. By the end of June, female flower buds began to differentiate. During this period, a large amount of nutrients and water supply are required. Permeate should be poured once to ensure that the nucleolus are full. June walnut hard core needs a large amount of water supply, generally requiring summer irrigation season 1 to 2 times per month, saplings more irrigation, less fruit trees full irrigation. At the end of summer and early fall of Shiyan City, the rainwater is concentrated, and the drainage system of the Walnut Garden shall be unblocked and the surface water shall be eliminated in time. Because the walnut tree is sensitive to water and groundwater level in the area, the water blister has an effect on the normal physiological activities of the walnut tree, indicating poor air permeability in the soil, resulting in lack of oxygen in the root, and impeding the absorption of water and mineral nutrients. If water accumulates for a long time, the leaves will turn yellow. When the oxygen deficiency is severe, the root system undergoes anaerobic respiration and even causes the death of the roots. If the water table is too high, it will hinder the downward extension of the root system. Therefore, in areas where water is easily accumulated and the groundwater level is too high, pay attention to drainage work, mainly by digging drainage ditch drainage, and also use mechanical drainage for temporary local accumulation of water, and lower the water level to dig 1.5 meters deep drainage ditch or During the land preparation, Taita and other water levels were lowered.
Second, young fruit management
Early walnuts are mainly flower buds with lateral flowers and female flowers. After the fruit period, in order to ensure the relative balance between vegetative growth and reproductive growth of the tree, and maintain high yields and stable yields, excessive fruit must be removed. The fruit thinning time is after the physiological fruit drop, generally 20-30 days after the female flower fertilization, that is when the young fruit is 1～1_5 cm, the fruit thinning is appropriate. The amount of thinning should be determined by the condition of the tree and the cultivation conditions. It is generally advisable to retain 60 to 100 fruits per square meter of the projected area of ​​the crown. The method of thinning fruit is to first remove the young fruit on the weak or thin branches, or cut them off together with the weak branches; when each inflorescence has more than 3 young fruits, depending on the strength of the resulting branches, 2 to 3 can be retained. One; fruit placement in the crown to be evenly distributed, dense internal spasm can sparse. It should be particularly noted that fruit thinning is limited to early-fruited walnut varieties with high fruit set rates.
Third, summer trim
The contents of summer pruning are mainly sapling shaping, pruning of early fruit trees and so on. Methods are topping, short cut, thinning, pull branches and so on.
1, topping
In the summer, if the secondary branch that is selected for retention is excessively prosperous, it may be picked up when the secondary branch is not lignified and the branching may be promoted to cultivate the resulting branch. For example, only one secondary branch was obtained from one branch, and the growth potential was strong. It was shortened in the spring or summer, and the branching was promoted, and the resulting branch was cultivated. The short cut intensity was moderate and mild. . Such as fragrant walnut trees grow vigorously, summer pruning is mainly to pick up the heart, in May when the new shoot length exceeds 30 centimeters, it will be the first to pick up the heart, the length of the branches to stay up to 3O centimeters; when the second branch grows more than 30 centimeters At the same time, one more picking of the heart will be done; another heart will be picked in July and the technical requirements will be the same as above. In this way, one branch can be formed in one branch in the current year, which means that one branch can be formed several times as the top bud, thus increasing the yield. The supporting measures, starting from the first picking of the hearts, spraying potassium dihydrogen phosphate 300 times once every 15 days, can also be carried out in conjunction with pest control until the end of the fallen leaves. After July, the application of nitrogenous fertilizers was stopped, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were applied; from August to the fall, no watering was performed to inhibit the rapid growth of new shoots and to promote shoots enrichment.
2, short cut
Short-cut, unpicked development branches can effectively increase branching and speed up the process of reshaping or culturing the branches. However, the number of short-cut shoots should not be excessive, and the positions must be staggered. Otherwise, overlapping branches may be easily caused.
3, thinning
(1) Stickman
When the branches with unreasonable growth of shoots and their growth potential are inferior to those in the same direction, they should be removed from the base, or they can be properly preserved according to their space. The short-cutting and summer topping results in the cultivation of fruit trees.
(2) Sparse sticks
As early as the large amount of walnut branches, it is easy to cause many litchi inside the crown, the density is too large, is not conducive to air and light. In this regard, in accordance with the principle of weakening and keeping strong, excessive dense branches should be removed in time. The method of thinning is to cut off the base of the sticking branch and not to leave the pile to promote wound healing.
(3) Remove pests and branches.
4, throw away
It is advisable not to pick up the tips of the growing golden shoots or to cut the tips of the shoots. The lighter the pruning, the more branches are formed and the less the secondary branches are.
5, pull the stick
Pulling the branches at the right time can open the open angle of the walnut branches, fully utilize the crown space, promote flowering, and increase the fruit setting rate. For example, if the fresh varieties are planted with high seedlings and the branches are erect, branches should be drawn. The branching time is from May to June. At this time, the branches are soft and easy to form. The branches are mainly dominated by Wang tree and early fruit tree. The branches of fruit trees are suitable for pulling branches. The branches of individual trees can be erected or the angles are small. The branches of missing branches can be filled and empty, and the weak branches can be lifted. From a high angle, to make it grow normally, angled trees and branches need not be pulled. Pull twigs together with lychees, take branches, and soften the branches to shape, and then pull the bridle to pull the branches or slings, hang the bottles, hang the bricks to press the branches, change the angle of the branches, put the branches in the appropriate position. When the main branch pulls and presses, the rope is tied in the middle of the branch and is 60-70. The corners are pulled apart; the auxiliary branches are flattened at an angle of 80-90 degrees. Pulled branches to the corner opening, slightly higher tip, do not appear "low base, short head, waist bow" of the "bow", sticks on the back of the branches easy to run Wang, will not achieve the desired effect. After the branches are drawn, they should be evenly distributed around the canopy, and should be crowned. After the branches have been pressed for 50-60 days, they have basically been shaped. At this time, they can release the ropes or remove bottles, bags, bricks, etc.
IV. Pest Control
1, walnut rot disease
Walnut rot, also known as "black water disease," is a fungal disease. The rate of diseased plants in the walnut gardens can reach 50%. In severe cases, the diseased plant rate exceeds 80%. The disease is mainly harmful to stems, stems and bark, resulting in a decline in the wilting and fruiting capacity of walnut branches and even the death of the whole plant.
Prevention methods: (1) Strengthen cultivation management For the poorly soiled soil and the infertile soil of the walnut garden, the soil should be improved and organic fertilizers should be added to increase the tree vigor and improve disease resistance. 2 During the proper pruning period, droop the drooping branches and weak branches to restore the tree vigor, and sterilize them with 1% copper sulfate or 5 Baume degree lime sulfur additives. 3 scrape off the lesions in the growing period to find the lesions at any time scraping treatment, the scope of the scraping treatment can be controlled to 1 cm larger than the lesion discoloration tissue, scrape a little skin can be scraped, the bark did not rotten through the site, only Need to scrape the upper disease skin, lesions up to xylem to scrape xylem, scrape and apply 10% multi-mycin WP 1O times liquid, smear 2 times, disinfection, scraping the disease skin concentrated destruction.
2. Walnut moths
Walnut Amphetidae Lepidoptera Hupercidae. The larvae of walnuts inside the fruit (total defects), vertical and horizontal wear through the damage, the damaged walnut, black skin, and began to sag, walnuts (cotyledons) dysplasia, showing shrinkage and black, it is called "walnut black" . Some larvae invade the hard shell and ingest it, causing the walnuts to dry out. Some of the vascular bundles between the foraging stems cause early fruit drop and seriously affect the walnut yield.
Control methods: 1 The crown spray is used to grasp the adult spawning period and the larvae's newly hatched period. Every 10 to 15 days, spray 1 time matrine, 2.5% deltamethrin EC 3000 times, 20% fenvalerate. Emulsion 3000 times, etc., a total of three sprays, the larvae before destroying the fruit, the effect is very good. 2 Before the emergence of adult insects on the ground or when the emergence of individual adults begins to emerge, spray 50% phoxim EC on the ground around the trunk, and use 0.5 kg per mu to kill soil adults. Applying 50% phoxim EC or 4% immaculent powder under the canopy during the larval eradication period can also effectively kill larvae. 3 Remove the victim's light tree, and remove the blackened victim fruit before the larvae are removed. This will reduce the population density of the next generation.
3, moth-eaten pests
The pests of the larvae of the walnut garden mainly include the yellow-spotted moth, black-bred thorn moth, vertical-spotted ball moth, and date moth, which all belong to the Lepidoptera. Larvae can eat a lot of holes in the leaves, nicks or leave only the petiole, the main vein, seriously affecting tree vigor and fruit yield. 1 Light trapping Most adult moths have strong phototaxis and can be trapped by light during the adult emergence period at 19:00-21:00. 2 Chemical prevention and control The young larvae of the moth are sensitive to pharmacological agents, and the common contact agent can be effective.
4, Cloudy Sky
Cloudy Tianniu Coleoptera. The larvae invaded the cortex and phloem under the bark of the walnut tree and gradually penetrated into the thick vertical or oblique tunnels in the xylem to destroy the transported tissues. After the trunk was damaged, black water emerged (feces and sawdust were discharged from the fistula). The tree trunk is hollowed out and the entire tree is weakened or withered. The adult worms eat new branches and tender skin, causing the new branch to die. The larvae feed on the phloem, and then drill into the xylem, and the wind is easy to fold. Severely damaged trees can be pruned and the whole plant can die.
Control methods: 1 It is best not to grow mulberry trees in or near Mulberry Walnut Garden to reduce the source of insects. 2 Physical control Adults have the characteristics of phototaxis, do not like to fly, slow action, and sound after being frightened. In the May-June period of adult emergence, adults are killed in time and eliminated before spawning. 3 Chemical adult insects combine to control other pests during the adult stage, spraying long-lasting contact killing agents, such as 2.5% cyfluthrin EC 2000-3000 times, and 10% high efficiency cypermethrin EC 1000-2000 times. Spray on the branches. 4 Poisoned larvae Invade the xylem larvae by injecting liquids from fresh defecation holes, such as matrine, diflubenzuron, malathion, etc., and then seal the holes with wet mud. The insecticidal effect is very good.
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