Deep soil turnover
The Yanshan chestnut is planted in the mountains, and the soil and water conservation project should be done first. It is best to use an excavator to dig trenches before planting. The depth and width of the ditch are more than 1 m, which fully meets the needs of the growth and development of chestnut roots. Strive to do: "slow slope terraced, steep slope basin, gully in the ravine, tree tray under the tree." Secondly, it is necessary to deepen the expansion point. Within 3 years after planting, the whole garden will be deep-turned, the soil will be pressed to green manure, the soil will be improved, and the soil organic matter will be increased; the soil will be “deep, fat and sputumâ€. It is also necessary to carry out cultivating and weeding. The depth of cultivating is generally 10 to 30 cm. The trunk is shallower and deeper away from the trunk to avoid root damage.
2. Scientific fertilization
2.1 Traditional fertilization misunderstanding
Many chestnut farmers do not apply chemical fertilizer to chestnut trees because the fertilization of chestnut trees is not obvious, and the enthusiasm of fruit farmers for fertilization has been eliminated.
2.1.1 Time of chemical fertilizer application The main production area of ​​Yanshan chestnut is dry and dry in spring, and most of the chestnut gardens have no irrigation conditions. There are also technical misleading “chestnut fertilizer, good effect after rainâ€, so the fertilization time can't keep up with the maximum demand of chestnut nutrients. The fertilizer supply and demand are inconsistent and disconnected from each other, and the maximum benefit of fertilizer cannot be fully utilized.
2.1.2 Fertilizer selection Unreasonable fertilization of chestnut farmers, generally only nitrogen fertilizer, and more use of urea or diammonium, etc., resulting in imbalance of nutrients in the chestnut tree, excess nutrient growth; general fertilizer fertilizer effect period is generally 50 to 80 days, fertilizer applied to the ground Decomposed quickly, the chestnut tree is not fully absorbed, it is fixed by the soil, and most of the water is evaporated, the rain is infiltrated, etc., and it can only absorb about 15%. It is really the key period for the chestnut to be fat in autumn, and the fertilizer supply is not available. It causes post-fertilization, so the effect of partial application of fertilizer on yield increase is not significant.
2.2 Yanshan chestnut fertilizer requirements and fertilizer selection
(1) The Yanshan chestnut garden is mostly built in the mountain gneiss mountainous area. The soil nutrient performance is: “Nil deficiency, less phosphorus, and potassium deficiencyâ€, which should be replenished in time.
(2) Chestnut is sensitive to trace elements "manganese, iron, boron", and it is easy to get sick when it is lacking.
(3) The vast majority of Yanshan chestnut gardens cannot be irrigated, and fertilization during drought is basically ineffective.
(4) In the middle and late April (germination) to the end of June (the chestnut flower is shed), it is the key period for the chestnut flowering and fruit setting in Yanshan. It is the period when the chestnut needs most fertilizer, and it needs 70% of the annual nutrient; the middle and late July is the chestnut. The chestnut fruit is rapidly expanding, which is the peak period of potassium fertilizer demand; after harvesting in September, the autumn application of base fertilizer should be supplemented with nutrients.
According to the above characteristics, the fertilization method of high-nitrogen in the early stage of Yanshan chestnut, high-potassium compound fertilizer in the late stage, and base fertilizer in autumn should be explored. Chestnut is a chlorine-free crop, and potassium should be a sulfur-based one. According to the law of chestnut fertilizer, the "potassium sulfate type slow-release compound fertilizer" which is the most suitable for chestnut is selected. The compound fertilizer contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and also contains trace elements such as manganese, iron and boron which are sensitive to chestnut. Slow and controlled release fertilizer is a breakthrough in the production of chemical fertilizer. The effective period of the fertilizer is increased from 50 to 80 days of ordinary fertilizer to more than 150 days, and the fertilizer utilization rate is increased from 25% of ordinary fertilizer to 45% to 50%. Potassium sulphate-type slow-release compound fertilizer has a coating outside, and does not melt immediately when applied to the ground. As the temperature increases, the soil moisture increases, the nutrient demand of the tree increases, and the nutrients gradually release, which is consistent with the demand period of the chestnut tree, and is released in the early stage. There are more nitrogen fertilizers, and more phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are released in the later stage, which can satisfy the non-fertilization of chestnut trees throughout the growing season.
2.3 chestnut fertilization method
2.3.1 During the fertilization period, we will catch the returning period of the spring from the beginning of March to the beginning of April, and the lyrical period will be good, and the chestnut will be fertilized in time. Fertilization during the slurrying period can make the chemical fertilizer decompose a part and meet the needs of the germination period. There is a “land rain†in the normal year before and after May 1st, which can meet the maximum demand of chestnut nutrients. After the nutrient is slowly released, it can be used for the entire growth period of the chestnut tree. According to the requirements, the controlled release compound fertilizer can be used to increase the yield of chestnut by 50% to 100%. After harvesting autumn chestnuts, apply more organic fertilizer.
2.3.2 The amount of fertilization is predicted according to the yield of chestnut, and the soil quality of the hillside and the mountain is poor. The chestnut garden is produced, and the yield of 3 to 5 kilograms of chestnut fruit and potassium sulfate type controlled release compound fertilizer is 1 kilogram. The soil is deep, and the fertile chestnut garden produces 7 to 10 kilograms of chestnut fruit and slow-control compound fertilizer 1 kilogram.
2.3.3 Fertilization method When applying fertilizer, a group of 2 people work, near the drip line around the canopy, one person uses a sharp iron shovel to dig a pit 20 cm deep, use the hoe to lift the soil, another person sprinkle the fertilizer, and then put the soil back, 1 square metre to dig a pit, fertilizing 100 to 150 grams per pit.
3. Chestnut weeding
Yanshan chestnut garden grows more in the mountains, the soil quality is poor, and the nutrient content is low. It should be done without grass shortage in the whole year, avoiding weeds competing for water and creating a good environment for the growth of chestnut trees. The artificial weeding effect is the best, but the artificial hoeing labor and time-consuming investment is large, it is difficult to achieve no grass shortage in the whole year. Large-scale chestnut gardens can be chemically weeded and chemically weeded three times a year.
3.1 Weeding period and method
The first time was in early June. There was a “land rain†around the normal year of Yanshan area. After the rain, a batch of weeds were unearthed in spring. When it was sixty-one, it did not exceed 5 leaves. The grass roots were still very small and very easy to remove. Closed with paraquat plus cornfield. The weeds that have come out are removed, and the weeds that have not been removed are closed. The effect is very good, which can effectively prevent the weeds from growing vigorously in summer and avoid serious grass shortage.
The second time is from late July to early August, using paraquat plus 2,4-D butyl ester to remove summer weeds. After removal, keep the ground clean to facilitate harvesting of chestnut fruit.
The third time is in early October. Before winter, all kinds of winter weeds such as artemisia and bitter vegetables were removed, and paraquat and 2,4-D butyl ester with an effective content of 20% (mass fraction, later) were used. Weeds with herbicides, nutrients can not be refluxed before winter, accumulation of nutrient deficiency, can not normally winter, roots are frozen to death, is a combination of chemical weeding and quarantine weeding, reducing the number of weeds in the spring of the next year.
After three times of chemical weeding throughout the year, it has saved labor, medicine and labor, and can achieve no grass shortage in the whole year. For three consecutive years of management, there is basically no weed, which can effectively control the harm of weeds.
3.2 Jingke, jujube root removal method
The chestnut garden is planted in the mountains. It is very difficult to remove the Jingke and the jujube roots. It is easy to regenerate after being removed. Jingke and jujube are small woody shrubs. It is best not to dig Jingke and jujube roots. First, the grass is not completely eliminated, and the second is to cause soil erosion. I want to eradicate optional glyphosate plus 2,4-D butyl ester.
(1) Time: Before and after the beginning of autumn (August 5th), it is the nutrient recirculation period of Jingke and Shanzao. Once the medicine is used, it can be completely eradicated and there will be no trouble.
(2) Method: 1 using a sprayer water (15 kg) plus 10% glyphosate water 1 kg, plus 2,4-D butyl ester 3 caps (10 ml), add a washing powder (drink Role). 2 Add 7 kg of water to 2 bags of 77% powdered glyphosate, and add 3 caps of 2,4-D butyl ester (10 ml). Pay attention to the weather forecast when spraying, and ensure that there is no rain within 8 hours of spraying, avoiding the dew time. And it is possible to spray all the front and back sides of Jingke and Shanzao leaves to the medicine. This can be used once and completely eradicated.
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