Intensive pig farm production pursues high efficiency. To gain high returns, the breeding herd should first be a healthy, high-yielding herd. This article focuses on the biosafety measures implemented on the farm, the introduction and cultivation of gilts, the body condition and gestational age structure of sow herds, stage management, breeding management, feed, death and elimination, disease and drug use, and environmental control. discuss.
I. Biosecurity measures in farms
1. Variety, nutrition, and management are important factors in improving the economic efficiency of intensive farms. However, disease is the main factor that restricts pig performance and swine production efficiency. After the 1980s, new swine diseases continued to emerge and they passed drugs. It is becoming more and more difficult to control the disease and the cost is getting higher and higher; therefore, animal husbandry workers are paying attention to biosafety prevention measures and improving the breeding environment. Because of the loss caused by the disease, it costs far more than the cost of preventive measures. Therefore, intensive farms must strictly implement a comprehensive set of biosecurity measures to minimize the risk of introducing new diseases.
2. The health level of the farm depends on the surrounding environment. The location of the construction site is very important and should be kept away from the neighboring pig farms and slaughterhouses by 3-5Km. Increased distance between farms can reduce the risk of disease spreading across the field. If the farm biosecurity measures are not done well, one day, the disease in the neighbourhood will spread to your field.
3. Outside vehicles *Near farms may have serious bio-safety risks. Therefore, establishment of cleaning and disinfection points on the off-site, cleaning and disinfection of pigs and transport vehicles near the farms. Through thorough disinfection and disinfection, the risks to vehicles caused by vehicles are reduced to some extent.
4. Entry restrictions are effective management measures to prevent diseases. Therefore, personnel should be forbidden to visit; ranches should be divided into living areas and production areas. The sanitation procedures for entering grazing lands are: vacation leavers shall be isolated for 48 hours in the living area; entering the production area shall be showered and replaced with uniforms for the production area of ​​the ranch; Show all personal items into the production area, except glasses. Items entering the production area should be fumigated.
5. Establish a public canteen in the living area and prohibit employees from cooking privately; prohibit meat products from entering the living quarters.
6. Adoption of point-feeding (propagation-conservation-fattening) and all-in all-out system in production. All in and out are common management systems. All-in, all-out means that before each unit is transferred to a new herd, each pig must be transferred out of the unit, cleaned, disinfected and dried; and once grouped, no new members will be added.
7. Control of rodents: The active radius of rats is 1-3Km, which is one of the important ways to bring new diseases to the pigs. For pig farms, the mouse is a public hazard. It is the most difficult to control, it is difficult to remove, and the prevention is better than the control of rodents. Therefore, a rodent-proof bird net should be set up.
8. Dealing with dead bodies: burying them is the most common treatment method. However, some landlords are eager to take advantage of Koizumi and eliminate them to unscrupulous traders. This poses a great risk to biological safety because these people are the most dangerous vehicles. This is one of the reasons why some small-field diseases continue to occur.
9. Strengthen the environmental control: The pigs raised in the house do not have the right to choose the air quality. In each production stage, the environmental factors (temperature, humidity, ventilation) need workers to control. Shelter temperature can significantly affect pig production performance, good ventilation, help reduce the harmful gas (ammonia gas), dust, odor, etc., pigs to ensure the health of the pigs, pig growth and reproductive performance to achieve the best, This environment also helps the health of breeders.
10. Biosecurity control for every good day: if it is found to be inconsistent with biosafety, it must be stopped and reported in a timely manner; appropriate medications should be used; sick pigs should be eliminated in time; parasites should be controlled; no moldy feed should be fed; Cleaning, disinfection, drying, etc. are all conducive to the control of outbreaks on the farm.
11. Regular swine health monitoring: Swine health monitoring is an integral part of the health management of intensive pig farms. Its purpose is to determine if there is any change in the health status of the herd. The methods include daily clinical records, autopsies, slaughter inspections, serological tests, and tissue biopsies.
II. Introduction and cultivation of gilts
1. A gilt is the future and hope of a pig farm. Before the introduction, we should examine the variety update of the introduction field in recent years. The production level of a farm depends on the breeding performance of the breeding pigs at the next level of breeding farms.
2. The establishment of a herd, the introduction of new herds, and the contact between pigs and pigs are one of the main routes for the spread of swine diseases. According to the possible risks, the health status of the introduced farm should be examined before introduction. The unclear understanding of the health status of imported pigs may affect the subsequent production of the farm. Therefore, in addition to promoting a single source, it also advocates reducing the number of introductions. If the conditions of the shelter allow, a sufficient amount of back-breeding pigs will be introduced once in 2 years. Large-scale and highly-managed enterprises may consider introducing pigs from the ancestors and breeding their own parents' breeding pigs to reduce the risk of introduction.
3. After the reserve breeding pigs are introduced, they must be isolated first. The purpose of isolation is to protect the original herd on the farm from the newly introduced herds. Isolation should be performed in a separate area. The ideal isolation is off-site. If there is no condition, the isolation is placed on the floor. The ideal site for isolation should have a shower. If you do not have a shower, you should wash your hands in and out, change shoes, and use tools. Transport will produce stress, so that the resistance of the reserve pigs will decrease, and medication should be added after the arrival. It is recommended that you add less powerful drugs, otherwise it will mask the occurrence of the disease. Typically 400 ppm oxytetracycline or chlortetracycline is added. The isolation period is 30 days; but not less than 2 weeks. It is recommended that no breeding vaccine should be immunized within 3 days of arrival and vaccine should be injected after 15 days. Whether to vaccinate as soon as it arrives should be based on the epidemic situation of the pig farm, the age of the breeding pigs, and the immunization status of the breeding pigs prior to sale.
4. After completion of the isolation breeding stage, enter the adaptation stage. The purpose of adaptation is to establish a consistent level of immunity. During the adaptation period, there should be planned and restrictive contact with the microorganisms of the original herd. Can be used to phase out boars, nursery pigs, sows gradually adapt to the placenta. Concentrated contact may cause an outbreak of the disease. In the acclimation period, dosing may be considered, but it is mainly immunization. The adaptation period is 60-120 days. During the adaptation period, the reserve pigs should be injected with JE, PPV, PR, etc. in addition to the national mandatory immunization before the breeding; PPV should be immunized after 180 days of age, and JE should be immunized year-round.
5. The gilts are not immune to many diseases. Therefore, the imported breeding pigs must go through the isolation-adaptation stage. Therefore, the imported breeding pigs should be as small as possible, generally not exceeding 50 Kg. The advantage of buying a gilt of around 50Kg is that it takes a long time to mate, and there is enough time for isolation-adaptation. Active immunity can be guaranteed.
6. The gilts were bred in stages: before 140 days of age, they were reared as growing and finishing pigs; after 140 days of age, gilts were reared and the feed was replaced by feed. The primordial sow is generally 165 days old, and the method of effectively stimulating the estrus is to contact the adult boar regularly for 20 minutes each time. Pay attention to the boar that is being tempted to change frequently to keep interested. The advantage of seduction is that more gilts enter the puberty earlier, allowing more gilts to be assigned in the third situation.
7. The gilts are mated with the following goals: age> 210 days, weight> 130Kg, piggyback> 16mm (back recommended, lowest, equal to 2.5-3.0), 2-3 estrus cycles, and appropriate physique. Therefore, gilts are established during immunization to record the number of immunizations and estrus times.
8. In order to reach the initial allocation target, gilts should be free to eat when they weigh 50-100kg. Feed no less than 3kg of feed daily at 100kg. The feed increased to 3.50-3.75 Kg in the 14 days before mating, and the amount of ovulation was controlled by the feed intake. In order to facilitate feeding, gilts after the initial condition should be fed to the limit bar.
9. The importance of breeding gilts: gilts fill the gaps and ensure balanced production. In the sow population, 80% of weaned sows, 10-15% of gilts, and 10-5% of gilts should be included. If a gilt is scheduled for 210 days of age and the purchased gilt is 100 days old, breeding begins 110 days later. So, at the time of introduction, how many days of gilt stocks are planned to be purchased to supplement the weeks of production vacancies.
10. The direction of pig improvement is determined by the market. The selection of boars focuses on thin backs, rapid growth, effective feed conversion and good firmness. The choice of gilts is mainly based on their maternal abilities, high litter size and weaning weight, gentle management, and strong body. A gilt should have at least 12 nipples, nipples, inverted nipples or other deformities that should be eliminated.
11. The sow's focus on the sow is: the source of the single source; the weight at the time of introduction; segregation-adaptation measures; the age and weight of the seizure and initial allocation, and the pre-breeding excellent feeding.
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