Yam cultivation techniques in different places of production of yam

The origin of yam was originally Jiaozuo, Henan. Now it is also produced in Hunan, Hubei, Shanxi, Yunnan, Hebei, Shaanxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Shandong, etc., Shandong Taiping Town, the bank of the river, the yield of yam is not big, but the quality Very high, has a long history, was once a tribute to the Qing Dynasty.

In the "Yu Tingzan" written by the great poet Chen Dazhen in the Song Dynasty, there was such a passage: "There are elixir in the mountains, green as a fairy, cut a few jade, white flowers and fragrance", referring to the winter best - Yam. Out of the 20 miles west of Ruichang City, Jiangxi Province, over the rolling hills and towns, bypassing the picturesque Longyuan Reservoir, along the newly-built cement road, up the mountain, is one of the Nanyang Township Yam bases. Luocheng Mountain. The parent soil formed by the weathering of thousands of years of limestone weathering provides a special living soil for the growth of Nanyang Yam. Nanyang Luocheng Mountain has a long history of planting yam. According to the "Ruichang County Records" during the Longqing period of the Ming Dynasty, Ruichang yam has been cultivated for more than 500 years, and Luoyang Mountain in Nanyang was an important part of Jiangxi Ruichang. One of the origins of products and medicines.

Yam authentic

1. The surface of the authentic yam is yellowish white or light yellow with longitudinal grooves, longitudinal wrinkles and fibrous root marks, and occasionally light brown skin remains. The weight, the quality is firm, it is not easy to break, the section is white and powdery, and there are small dots. The air is slight, the taste is light, the acid is sour, and the chew is sticky.
2. The authentic yam starch granules are single-ovate, oval-shaped, triangular-shaped or oblong, 8–35 μm in diameter, umbilical point-like, herringbone, cross-shaped or short-slit, visible striate; It consists of 2 to 3 divisions.
3. The authentic yam yam acid needle bundle is present in mucous cells, which is about 240 μm long and 2 to 5 μm thick.
4. The authentic yam has a hole, a net, a thread and a ring-shaped catheter with a diameter of 12 to 48 μm.

Yam fake

1. 1 cassava: often in the form of slices, the outer skin has been removed, the residual skin is brown or brown, the cut surface is white, powdery, visible near the skin visible veins, a small wooden heart in the center, some cracks, hand touch The talcum powder feels like. The air is slight and the taste is light.
2. 2 ginseng: it is irregularly cylindrical or conical, the residual cork is thicker, yellowish brown or reddish brown, and the wood plaque is fresh yellow (for stone cells), which is easy to peel off. The material is solid, the section is yellowish white, powdery, and there are a few light brown spots. Odorless, sweet, slightly sour, chewy.
3. 3 sweet potato: a thick or irregular thick piece, the remaining skin is thicker reddish or taupe. Cut face white or yellowish white, slightly elastic, visible yellowish brown "ribs" points or lines, a circle of yellowish brown ring visible in the skin. It is crispy, powdery and sweet.

Yam is a plant of the genus Dioscorea in the genus Dioscorea, one of the four great medicines (Huashan, Huaniu, Huai Di, Huaihua), the place where Gu Huai Qing (now in Jiaozuo City, Henan Province) is produced. Hebei and other places are also known as Mashan medicine. Yam is a perennial herb with stems that are often purple, with a cylindrical root, opposite leaves, oval or elliptical, milky white, dioecious. The roots contain starch and protein and are edible. Production: Henan, Hunan, Hubei, Shanxi, Yunnan, Hebei, Shaanxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Shandong and other places are also produced. The Taishan Town of Taiping Town, Shandong Province, has a small yield of yam, but its quality is very high. It has a long history. It used to be a tribute of the Qing Dynasty. It can be used together with Qiongzhen Ganoderma lucidum to cook porridge. It can be stewed with ribs and can lower blood sugar. It is ideal for diabetics. food.

The ground-filling yam is a shallow-rooted crop with a long growing period, one year a year, and is generally planted in the field when the ground temperature reaches 10 °C in spring. For yam cultivation, it is necessary to choose high-dry, well-drained, deep soil, soft sandy loam or light loam soil. It is required to have the same soil quality, and the soil should be slightly acidic to neutral. Yam should not be used for continuous cropping. Generally, it should be rotated once every 2 to 3 years.

When digging the cultivation ditch, the general groove is about 1 meter, the depth is 0.6 to 1.0 meters, and the width is 25 centimeters. When digging trenches, the topsoil and the lower layer of soil are piled separately to make the soil fully weathered. After the soil is thawed in spring, the lower layer of soil is first filled into the ditch, and then the topsoil is filled in so that it does not disturb the soil layer. In combination with filling soil, 1000-1500 kg of soil and fertilizer, 50 kg-70 kg of phosphate fertilizer, 25 kg-30 kg of ammonium bicarbonate, and 25 kg-30 kg of potassium sulfate are applied thereto. Avoid applying a large amount of unsoiled organic fertilizer to prevent rooting and tuber tillering.

The seed treatment is carried out 20-25 days before planting, and the roots of the disease-free block at the upper end of the disease-free block are selected. The one end section is smashed in the slaked lime powder, and then placed in the sun for a few days to Sterilize and promote germination. To increase the coefficient of reproduction, the roots must be cut and propagated.

That is, choose a thin root with a length of about 1m and a transverse diameter of 2.4-4.5cm, cut into several small segments of 15-20cm long, and use the upper and lower ends of the hair notes, then smash the lime in each section and lie horizontally under the sun. There are fine cracks in the head. Handle gently during the drying period to prevent scratches. At the same time, it is necessary to do wind, rain and frost protection.

After the yam cultivation yam cultivation ditch is filled with soil fertilizer, the ditch is made into a flat raft of about 1 meter wide. When planting, plant a ditch that is about 10 cm deep in the middle of the flat, and then water it. When the water is infiltrated, the yam plantings are laid flat in the ditch according to the plant spacing of 15-20 cm, and about 4,000 plants per acre are planted. Cover soil 8 ~ 10 cm, and then cover the film to protect the soil, increase soil temperature and promote emergence. If you use the "yam bean" to breed the yam plant, you can take two trips and mention

High reproductive coefficient, line spacing 40 ~ 50 cm, plant spacing of about 10 cm. Planted about 12,000 plants per acre.

After planting, the stems and leaves of the yam are kept in a high-temperature and dry environment, and are not resistant to frost. The average root temperature of the roots starts to germinate above 10 °C, and the suitable temperature for germination is about 25 °C. The growth of stems and leaves is optimal at 25 °C-28 °C, and the tuber enlargement is fastest at 20 °C-24 °C. After yam cultivation, it takes 35 days to produce seedlings.

1. Riding the vines: The stalks of the yam are tender and tender, and the vines should be supported in time after emergence. According to the characteristics of the right-handed stalk of the yam, the vine is hovering and the height is about 1 meter. If there are too many side branches of the main vine base, it can also be removed properly to facilitate ventilation and light transmission. When a large number of "yam bean" is formed between the leaves, it is also possible to remove a part early to save nutrients.
2. Cultivating and cultivating soil: Weeding and weeding should be carried out in the early stage of growth, usually once every half month until the stems are in the upper half, and the weeds are removed later. It is necessary to dig a part of the soil outside the rack to fill the inside of the rack, so that the sorghum is formed in the rack, and a trench with a depth of 2Ocm and a width of 3Ocm is formed between the outer rows of the rack to drain the rainy season.
3. Timely control: Paclobutrazol has obvious inhibitory effect on the aboveground growth of Chinese yam, and can inhibit the occurrence of zero remnant, so that the yield of yam is increased by more than 10%. The best time for spraying paclobutrazol is the yam vine full frame. At the beginning of flowering, 15% paclobutrazol WP 60-70 g per acre, 50 kg of water and evenly sprayed. The overgrown fields can be sprayed a second time between 7-10 days.
4. Reasonable topdressing: When the stem has been in the upper half, it should be applied once, and the average acre is applied with high concentration compound fertilizer 25~35 kg. Or 20 to 30 cm from the plant to open the ditch to apply the organic fertilizer 500 ~ 1000 kg. Watering after fertilization. Later, when the stems are full, if there is a phenomenon of yellow thinning, the urea can be applied 10 kg/mu. In the late growth stage, combined with disease prevention and control, the root is sprayed with O.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution 2--3 times to protect the leaves from ageing.
5. Combination of irrigation and drainage: Yam is a drought-tolerant crop, but in order to achieve high yield, it should be properly watered. Generally, before and after the first top dressing, if there is no rain or long rain, the soil is fully whitish, and should be lightly poured 1-2 times to wet the surface of the soil. In the future, at the turn of the summer and autumn, if the weather is hot and dry for more than 1 week, it is necessary to cool the water in the morning to resist drought. Yam is even more afraid of cockroaches, and it is necessary to clear the ditch in the rainy season to reach the water in the field.

When the yam is harvested at the right time, the stems and leaves on the ground gradually become yellow, and the underground tubers enter a dormant state, which can be harvested for sale or stored in the vegetable pot. It can also be used to freeze the soil on the planting hoe and keep it in the remaining place.

Insect pest control, gold worms, cockroaches, cockroaches, the yam underground tubers drilled a lot of holes, and sometimes hidden in the tubers dormant. The golden worm has a membranous substance, and the medicinal agent is not easy to penetrate into the body to kill, and the stomach poisoning agent is better. Comprehensive measures should be taken to prevent it, as follows:

1. Deeply turn over the land and turn the land 25-30 cm deep before winter. Turn over the wintering larvae and larvae to the surface, let them freeze to death, kill them, or prey by natural enemies.
2. Fertilizing the decomposed organic fertilizer and fully decomposed organic fertilizer can change the aeration and water permeability of the soil, make the crop grow robust, and enhance disease resistance and insect resistance. Rotation is also a powerful measure to prevent disease and insects. Generally, it is better to make a rotation in 3-4 years.
3. Poison Valley is made with 0.15 kg of 90% trichlorfon 30 times solution and mixed with Shibuya, 1.5-2.5 kg per 667 square meters. Sprinkle it on the surface of the soil, and then loosen the topsoil with a hoe, so that some medicine is in the soil and some in the soil.
4. Toxic acid 0.15 kg 90% trichlorfon 30 times liquid, mixed with sauteed wheat bran or bean cake (or cottonseed cake) 5 kg made of poisonous cockroaches, good effect in the evening without wind and sultry, should be added when mixing 1-1.5 times the water. Or use 40%-50% dimethoate 100g, water 5kg, 50kg, stir-fry to the paste of the savory (wheat bran, bean cake, corn granules, etc.), plan every 2 meters, every 3- 4 meters plan a large pit of a bowl, put a scorpion of poisonous sputum and then cover the soil, using sputum 1.5-2.0 kg per 667 square meters. This method is very good at controlling cockroaches
5. The roots were 1500 times with 40% methyl isoflavone emulsifiable concentrate, 0.15-0.2 kg per plant. Or use 2% methyl isoflavin powder, 3-4 kg per 667 cubic meters, sprinkle on the topsoil of the near plant, and then mix the soil and powder with a steamed bread. This method has special effects for the control of ticks and golden worms. Or use 90% trichlorfon 800 times solution, 0.15-0.2 kg per plant.

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