Animal models in sports impact learning and memory research
From the Reading Biology Forum
    Establishing an ideal experimental animal model of learning and memory is the basis for conducting research work on exercise and learning and memory. The preparation of animal models should try to simulate clinical pathogenic factors, in order to obtain scientific data on pathogenesis, exercise intervention and other aspects.
1.1 Alzheimer's disease ( AD ) model
    The ideal animal model of AD should have the same basic characteristics as Alzheimer's disease: 1. The model animal has the main neuropathological features of AD , senile plaque ( SP ) and neurofibrillary tangles ( NFT ). Second, the important pathological changes of AD appear . Cerebral neuronal death, synaptic loss, and reactive glial cell proliferation; third, behavioral cognitive and memory dysfunction.
The research on animal models of AD has made great progress after decades of efforts . At present , it can be roughly summarized as follows: 1. Natural aging model: SAMPs mice were successfully developed by Professor Yukio Takeda, Kyoto University, Japan, mainly with learning and memory function. In the recession, the central nervous system such as cortex and hippocampus are mainly pathological changes, which is an ideal model for studying brain aging and dementia. Second, the damage model: Nelson et al. injected D -galactose into the lateral ventricle of rats. After 6 weeks, immunohistochemical analysis showed NFT -like phosphorylation and Aβ amyloid deposition plaque, causing severe memory loss . H et al. used an intracerebroventricular injection of AlCl3 in mice , a long-term intraperitoneal continuous injection or an oral aluminum solution to obtain an animal model of NFT pathological changes and the like. Transgenic animal model: The APP variant gene of AD is implanted into mice by transgenic technology , and its brain can produce β amyloid deposition, neuroinflammatory senile plaques, synapse reduction, astrocyte and microglia hyperplasia, neuronal degeneration. And AD symptoms such as neurological programmed necrosis .
However, each model only simulates the symptoms and pathological changes of AD to a certain extent or in some aspects . They have their own advantages and disadvantages. The appropriate model should be selected according to different experimental purposes. The overall trend ranges from single-factor damage models to composite damage models, from single-transgenic models to double-transformed or even triple-transgenic models, but there are still many problems, such as high cost, etc. At present, most laboratories in China choose less costly composite damage AD. Animal model. With the deepening of the understanding of the molecular mechanism of the pathogenesis of AD , new and more complete animal models will emerge, further promoting the understanding of the pathogenesis of AD and promoting the progress of prevention and treatment research. Research progress in animal experiments on exercise learning and memory ability.
Learning and memory behavior experiment
The basic types and memory processes of the first section of memory 1, the basic type of memory 1> short-term memory and long-term memory (Y-maze and eight-arm maze experiments are classic behavioral experiments in studying short-term and long-term memory in animals) 1 >> short-term memory, for just a moment and realize that stimulate memory, information in short-term memory has been to repeat it to last long-term memory storage, the hold time is about 15 seconds, with a capacity of 7+ - 2 items , the capacity of short-term memory is limited Long-term memory, after full information, there is a certain depth of processing after preserved for a long time in the minds of 2 >> There is interaction between two memory systems in the brain, that is, short-term memory system and long-term memory system, the former is relatively easy to be damaged, a lot of facts to support this view, because short-term memory and long-term memory damage to different brain regions The impact is different 2> Declarative memory and non-reported memory 1>> Declarative memory , a memory of facts or events and their interrelationships , also known as explicit memory , which can be obtained once by language , and its extraction often requires the participation of consciousness , relying on evaluation , comparison and reasoning. Recognition process Situational memory and semantic memory Episodic memory refers to the memory of the history of self life, and semantic memory refers to knowledge of any specific unrelated facts and materials. 2>> non-declarative memory Things of memory, also known as implicit in the memory, including procedural memory, motor skills, memory and emotional memory, when the use of such memories, involves no conscious thought, his or extract form does not depend on consciousness or cognitive processes (such as evaluation , comparison ), non-declarative memory needs to be repeated multiple times to gradually form Procedural memory means remembering how to do something . With repeated practice , conscious thinking and recollection are less and less involved , and the brain is transformed from reflective processing to spontaneous processing. Non-declarative and declarative memories may have different neural pathways involved Second , the memory process Coding is the stage of inputting information into the brain through the sensory system , and is the process of transforming the external information into the sensory stage. Storage is the perception of things , the emotions that have been experienced , the actions that have been done , the problems that have been thought, etc. , which are kept in people's minds in a certain form. After the acquisition consolidate assume personal an experience, you need some time to make this experience by neural activity in the brain, leaving strong traces in the brain, length and degree of consolidation of storage time and the strength of the information The meaning of the individual and whether it has repeated application The extract is extracted with the information stored in the brain so that the reproduction process in consciousness, memory quality is manifested by extracting the information Forgetting is because the time is long , the information is blurred in memory , it may be coding error , or it may be extraction failure , memory problems are not caused by storage problems , such as memory things will interfere with the previous memory , for a kind of Knowledge can't be effectively coded and remembered without a good understanding. |
The anesthetic mask can be attached to the patient's face, delivering oxygen and volatile anesthetic gas to the patient.
Oxygen Masks are devices that are constructed to supply oxygen or other gases to an individual. Masks of this type fit snugly over the nose and mouth, and are equipped with a tube that connects the Oxygen Mask to a storage tank where the oxygen is contained. The Oxygen Mask is made from PVC, as they are light in weight, they are more comfortable than some other masks, increasing patient acceptance.
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