The vine is an annual growing fruit tree. After the fall of grape fruits, the tree vigor is generally declining each year. The vineyard needs to be timely cultivated and managed, such as fertilizing and watering, plastic trimming, adjusting the amount of fruit-bearing, fertility, comprehensive pest and disease, etc. The growth, yield, and harvest of grapes in the coming year are of great significance and are also an important part of the annual growth of grapes. If the management of Vine Winter cannot be carried out in a timely, standard and scientific manner, the key technology management of grape production in spring and summer next year will not be implemented. The following vineyard winter management technical advice is to strive for concrete measures and methods for achieving high yield and stable production in the coming year.
First, winter shaping pruning
The pruning period of vines in winter is generally 3 to 5 weeks after the plants fall naturally, usually around December of each year. The results showed that the germination rate and seed setting rate of buds at the base of mother twigs were lower in general grapes and higher in the middle and upper buds. For those varieties with vigorous growth and low strength of the parent shoots and buds, the cuts of the middle and long shoots were dominant; the flower buds at the lower branches of the weak branches were well differentiated, and pruning methods based on short shoots were used. Results Pruning of branches and branches: General results The mother branches left 2-3 buds cut, the strong branches left 3 buds, the middle branches left 2 buds, the weak branches did not stay, the bald space could leave one bud. The next cut was prepared for the third year of preparation. The result of the branch group refers to the result of the first year. The branch group formed by two or more shoots that germinate on each branch. Results The pruning of branches was taken according to the spatial conditions. A pruning scheme was adopted according to the spatial conditions. The three branches were taken to eliminate the tip branches, and the remaining two were left with 2-3 bud cuts. The results were updated alternately each year. a way. As for the number of cuts of the resulting mother shoots, it can be determined based on comprehensive characteristics such as breed characteristics, shelf type characteristics, tree age, and yield. Generally, 8 to 10 mother branches are reserved per square meter of the fence frame, and 6 to 8 mother branches are retained per square meter of the shelving surface. The pruning of vegetative shoots and preparation branches generally leaves 3-4 shoots cut.
Second, the finishing of the vineyard
1. Orchard cleanup. After the grape is pruned, the garden should be thoroughly cleaned. All the trimmed branches, leaves, and weeds in the garden should be cleaned and burned outside the park. The wormholes and diseased branches should be inspected while scraping the rough skin. Then turn over the garden (deep plowing 30-40 cm) and clear the ditch to keep the light inside and outside the orchard. When the temperature is higher than 5°C, spraying 3 to 5 Baume degree lime sulfur or 1 Baume degree of lime sulfur plus 0.3% to 0.5% of pentachlorophenol sodium 1 time, or 25% of iminophos 1000 times Liquid, 65% dexamethasone 500-600 times solution to sterilize the ridges, trees, scaffolds, etc. in the garden to prevent the occurrence of major grape pests and diseases, so that the fruit trees safe winter.
2, deep soil turning. Soil deep turning is based on the growth characteristics of the grape root system, transform soil permeability, and promote important measures for root growth. In the general deep-turning process, ditches with widths of 40 to 50 cm and depths of 40 to 50 cm are cut along the row fences. The topsoil is dug up first and the bottom soil is placed on the other side. Wherever the roots are dug, they are cut off. Don't be sorry; trenches are 50 to 60 centimeters away from the trunk, digging one line at a time, rotating and digging each year; then layering fertilization, paying attention to digging one line should be immediately backfilled, and not allowed to air. Scaffolds are alternately arranged on the four sides of the terrain, and the old trees are excavated at 70 to 90 centimeters from the trunk.
3, fertilization. After digging the ditch, fertilization can be applied to ensure that 90% of the total fertilization is achieved throughout the year, and the ratio of N:P:K=10:3:12 is not unbalanced, reaching the fertilizer level for producing high-quality grapes. First, fill in straw or other organic fertilizer. Calculate the amount of fertilizer applied to each plant. Sprinkle half of the total amount of the first layer of commercial fertilizer into the ditch, fill in the topsoil, and then apply it to the second layer of organic fertilizer to add commercial fertilizer. Forming back-to-back soil. The total amount of organic fertilizer is not less than 2500 kg per acre. Commodity fertilizer is mainly composed of compound fertilizer and active bacterial fertilizer. It is especially worth noting that chemical fertilizers containing chlorine and nitrate should not be applied, and partial application of phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer should be strictly prohibited. When fertilizing, zinc fertilizer and boron fertilizer should be added at a rate of 4 to 6 pounds per mu.
4, pouring antifreeze water. The winter average temperature in my county is minus 4-6°C, and the lowest is 10-12°C, which may cause freezing damage to the roots of the vines. Therefore, the winter grape should be treated with cold water for one time in order to prevent root freezing and early spring drought. . When watering, the water must be filled to meet the saturated condition of the soil. The specific requirement is that the irrigation volume should reach 60-80 square meters/mu.
Third, pest and disease control
In conjunction with the orchard clean-up, the rough skin, diseased skin, and old skin on the vines are scraped off, and litter and fruit drop are removed and burned or buried deeply. Then apply yellow mud + lime + pesticides to dry, pesticides such as licorice tree, carbendazim, sulfacin, dextromethorphan, or thiram. Piles, iron wire, etc. are sprayed with 100 times pentachlorophenol sodium or 500 times engine oil lime sulfur to completely eliminate overwintering diseases and insects. In addition, spraying in the garden 3 times, the first time after the end of pruning with crystal lime sulfur four packs of a bucket of water spraying the entire garden; the second is the 7 to 10 days every floor spray Fumei double or enemy cough; Three times, the second lime sulfur was sprayed when the temperature rose before the spring budding. It is recommended that potassium permanganate be used once in a special year for safe conditions.
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