Use soil temperature and humidity meter to improve crop growth and development

Many scientific achievements have confirmed that soil temperature and water have an impact on the physiological mechanisms of the plant bud stage. These effects are specific to:

1. Soil temperature is an important environmental factor that directly or indirectly affects plant growth and development. Many physiological processes (such as stomatal conductance, transpiration, nutrient transport, and carbon dioxide absorption) are closely related to temperature. In these physiological processes, soil moisture content also directly affects this amount of change, monitoring soil moisture temperature. A soil moisture temperature detector can be used. Soil temperature can change many factors of plants. For plants in the bud stage, it directly affects the physiological functions of the buds.

2. The soil temperature is measured by using the soil moisture temperature measuring instrument, and the root system of the plant is examined to find that the higher soil temperature can change the root growth, respiration and nutrient absorption. During the germination of plants and the growth of buds, higher soil temperature, external mechanical resistance, and lower matrix potential are the main causes of poor germination of crops, low emergence rate and low seedling rate. It has been reported that low soil temperatures combined with high-humidity environments can cause pathogens in the soil to cause crops to induce various types of pathogens. Unsuitable root zone temperatures can result in bud water deficits by altering the balance between root water uptake and shoot water consumption. The influence of soil moisture on the crop during the growth period of the seedling stage is also extremely large. The moisture control in the seedling stage can be measured and regulated by using the soil moisture temperature tester.

3. Plant root growth is very sensitive to changes in soil temperature, and each species has an optimum temperature range for root development. The optimum temperature for root development and activity is usually determined by their combined effects on root dry weight, length, meristem, nutrient uptake, water uptake, and microbial interactions. Soil temperature mainly affects seed germination, root growth and absorption of water and nutrients. The higher the soil temperature, the faster the seed germination. The soil temperature is too high, the root respiration is strengthened, and a large amount of photosynthetic products are consumed, which is not conducive to the accumulation of carbohydrates, which has a great influence on the root crops.

The relationship between soil temperature and soil fertility is mainly reflected in: 1 affecting various chemical reactions in the soil; 2 affecting the activity of microorganisms, thereby affecting the decomposition, nitrification, denitrification, nitrogen fixation, etc. of organic matter; Diffusion, moisture and air movement.

In the process of plant growth, if there is a certain difference in the temperature and the optimum temperature in the soil, the structure and function of the root system will change accordingly. The root system at low temperature will be smaller than the temperature at normal temperature. Each crop has an optimum temperature at which the roots of the crop develop optimally, but beyond this range, the roots of the crop change, using a temperature and humidity monitor. To detect changes in temperature and humidity in the soil, to understand the optimal temperature and humidity in the plant, to adjust the development of the root system, to avoid changes in the physiological mechanisms of plant seedlings caused by temperature and humidity discomfort is an ideal improvement and balance. The way in which plant roots absorb nutrients. Studies have shown that soil temperature has certain requirements on soil root growth and nutrient absorption. The optimum temperature for root growth of most crops is 15-25 °C, while in the absorption of nutrients, the temperature is in the range of 0-30 °C. As the temperature rises, the rate of absorption of nutrients increases and the amount of absorption increases. When the temperature drops, the plant's breathing weakens and the amount of nutrient absorption decreases. However, when the temperature exceeds the optimum temperature, the amount of absorption is also reduced. Generally, above 40 ° C, the amount of nutrient absorption is drastically reduced. If the temperature is too high, the roots will age, and it will easily cause the activity of the enzyme protein in the crop to decrease. At the same time, it also hinders the respiration of crops. The cell membrane increases in gas permeability at high temperatures, and the nutrients that have been absorbed are lost (extravasation). When the temperature is too low, the growth and metabolism of the root system are inhibited, and the absorption capacity is also significantly reduced, which naturally affects the adverse effects on nutrient absorption. In general, temperature affects the absorption of phosphorus and potassium by plants compared to nitrogen fertilizer. According to the data, when the soil temperature in the spring plough layer is less than 10 °C, the absorption of phosphorus by the root system is more difficult. It is often one of the causes of weak wheat seedlings. Therefore, in cold and cold regions, it is necessary to increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to winter crops. The experiment also showed that the low temperature would obviously affect the absorption of phosphorus by oats and seasoned radishes, while the effects on onions, cucumbers and radishes were relatively small. This shows that the response of different crops to temperature is also different.

Soil temperature (ground temperature) affects plant growth, development, and soil formation. Various biochemical processes in the soil, such as biochemical processes and non-living chemical processes caused by microbial activity, are affected by soil temperature. The relationship between soil temperature and agricultural production has the following two aspects. Direct impact within a certain temperature range, the higher the soil temperature, the faster the growth of the crop. Low temperatures or high temperatures occur at certain times of the year, often causing harm to agricultural production. The seeds of the crop must germinate within a suitable soil temperature range. Generally, cold-tolerant cereal crops have an average soil temperature of 1 to 5 °C for seed germination and 8 to 10 °C for warm-temperature crops. The temperature of the soil is much more direct than the temperature, the effect on seed germination and emergence.

The roots of common crops begin to grow at a soil temperature of 2 to 4 ° C. Root growth is more active above 10 ° C. Root growth is hindered beyond 35 ° C. Winter wheat grows well at 12-16 °C, corn, cotton, etc. is about 25 °C, the roots of legumes grow well at 22-26 °C; potato tubers mature 30 days, 15-27 °C is the most suitable for tuber formation The temperature on the soil. Excessive soil temperature accelerates the plant root tissue, and the root lignified part almost reaches the root tip, which reduces the absorption efficiency of the root surface. The soil temperature is low, and the roots of the crops absorb slowly. When the climatic conditions are suitable for transpiration, the aerial parts of the plants often show dehydration or water shortage. The soil temperature is too low, which often causes freezing damage to the tillers or roots of winter crops. The duration of the strong low temperature and the temperature of freezing and freezing and thawing affect the degree of freezing damage. Soil temperature affects the physiological processes of the crop. Between 0 and 40 ° C, the cytoplasmic flow accelerates with increasing temperature.

In the range of 20 to 30 ° C, the temperature rise can promote the transport of organic matter. The temperature is too low, affecting the transport rate of nutrients and hindering crop growth. In the range of O-35 °C, the increase in temperature can promote breathing, but the effect on photosynthesis is small, so low temperature is conducive to the accumulation of carbohydrates in crops. Appropriate soil temperature can also promote vegetative and reproductive growth of crops. In the spring wheat seedling stage, the optimum soil temperature for aboveground growth is 20-24 °C, and the later stage is 12-16 °C, and below 8 °C or above 32 °C, there is little heading; the temperature of suitable winter soil for winter wheat is lower, above 24 °C. Can head, but not mature. Indirectly affecting soil temperature affects other factors in environmental conditions, which indirectly affect crop growth and development. The effect of soil temperature on microbial activity is extremely significant.

Most soil microbial activities require temperatures of 15 to 45 °C. Beyond this range [too low or too high), microbial activity is inhibited. Soil temperature has great significance for the humification process of the soil, the mineralization process and the nutrient supply of the plants. The transformation of soil organic matter is also affected by soil temperature. In the high temperature areas of the south, the decomposition of organic matter is fast; in the cold and cold regions of the north, the decomposition is slow, and the turnover period of nutrients and carbon in the soil is much longer than that in the south. Therefore, in the south of high temperature, the accumulation of organic matter should be strengthened, while in the colder north, it should focus on accelerating the decomposition of organic matter to release nutrients. The movement of soil water (solution), the form of soil water and the exchange of soil gases are all affected by soil temperature.

The higher the soil temperature, the more frequent the movement of the upper soil, the more the gaseous water in the upper soil; when the soil temperature is low, the movement of the soil water is nearly stopped. Soil water is often converted to solid water. However, in a certain stage of growth, the crop can not adapt to excessive soil temperature, then the soil temperature needs to be lowered to ensure the normal growth and development of the crop.

In the northern region, the cold climate and low soil temperature are the main contradictions in agricultural production. The adoption of ridges can increase the absorption of solar radiation and reduce reflection. The average soil temperature of day and night in ridge crops can be higher than that of flat cropping; deep tillage of loose soil, increase pores in soil, improve aeration and water permeability of soil bottom layer, and also improve soil heat absorption and temperature increase and heat preservation capacity; timely and appropriate amount of winter irrigation The soil has a large water content, slow heat dissipation, and the soil temperature changes slowly compared to the dry soil, which can protect the winter crops from overwintering safely.

With the continuous monitoring of the soil temperature and humidity detector, it can be found that the temperature of the soil changes periodically. As the solar radiation stays up late or seasonally, the surface temperature also changes periodically. In each temperature change cycle, the highest value and the lowest value occur once. As the depth of the soil increases, the time at which the highest or lowest temperature occurs is gradually delayed. According to the data from many regions, the maximum (or lowest) picture appears to be delayed by 20 ~ 30 d for every 1 m increase in soil depth. At the same time, as the depth of the soil increases, the annual variation of soil temperature will rapidly decrease. The soil temperature change is similar to the annual change. The surface soil temperature is much larger than that of the deep soil, and the daily variation curve of the >20 cm soil layer is almost parallel, that is, the daily variation of soil temperature is lower than the annual variation.

1. Soil temperature affects the accumulation of organic matter and N in soil. The transformation of soil organic matter has a great relationship with temperature. The temperature in the tropical region is high, the decomposition of organic matter is fast, the temperature in the cold temperate zone is low, and the decomposition of organic matter is slow. The nutrient turnover period of the nutrient is much longer than that in the south. Therefore, in the south, the organic matter that regulates the soil is more focused on enhancing the accumulation of organic matter, while in the colder regions it is more focused on accelerating the decomposition of organic matter to release nutrients. In the southern paddy field, after using a large amount of green manure in early spring, due to the increase of temperature and soil temperature after spring, the decomposition of soil organic matter is quite rapid, and the surface water film has isolated the gas exchange between the atmosphere and the soil, if the groundwater in the soil The position is high, and there is not much air trapped in the soil. This has caused anoxic conditions, especially in the case of heavy use of fresh or unfertilized fertilizer, due to the rapid decomposition of fertilizer, which depletes oxygen. It also causes a sharp drop in soil redox potential, producing H2S and excessive Fe2+, Mn2+ ions, causing the accumulation of organic acids to cause toxicity to rice roots and inhibiting the function of absorbing nutrients. The soil temperature in the dryland soil that is most favorable for the nitrification process is 27 °C ~ 32 °C. In frozen soil, nitrification is almost at a standstill; at -1 °C to 4 °C, nitrification begins in the soil, but the reaction is very slow, and the rate of nitrification is only equivalent to 1% to 10% at 25 °C. With the increase of temperature, nitrifying bacteria become active, and the rate of nitrification at 10 °C, 15 °C, and 20 °C is 20%, 50%, and 80% of 25 °C. The seasonal difference in the supply of soil N caused by soil temperature is an important basis for the formulation of fertilization systems.

2. The seasonal variation of soil P is more complicated. The availability of soil P in the warm season of paddy soil increased, mainly due to the fact that the ferric sulfate gradually became available after the soil waterlogging. The observation of Peng Gantao et al. (1980) in Yixing, Jiangsu Province showed that the difference in soil available P in different soils in different soil fertility levels did not reach statistical significance, and found that soil available P was not affected by seasonal temperature. The impact of change. They believe that the effect of temperature on the nutrition of plant P may be due to the fact that the root absorption of P is affected by temperature. According to Hou Guangkai and other studies, the P combined with iron-aluminum colloid should be activated at around 30 °C. Generally, when the summer temperature is high, the P activity in the soil is large; when the temperature is low in winter, the P activity in the soil is small. Wan Zhaoliang's (1981) experiment shows that soil temperature has a certain effect on the fixation of P. In 6 different soils such as purple soil and mountain yellow soil, the soil temperature rises from 10 °C to 15 °C to 30 °C. Reduce by 20% ~ 70%.

3. The effect on the relationship between soil K capacity and strength. Temperature is an important factor affecting the dynamic changes of K in soil. Changes in soil temperature affect the fixation and release of K in the soil, affecting the diffusion process of K+ in the soil and the selective absorption of K+ by clay minerals. The effect of temperature on K+ in the soil is multifaceted. Ching and Barber have studied the effect of temperature on the K+ diffusion process in soil and found that the diffusion coefficient of K+ increases with increasing temperature. Feigenbaun and Shainberg found that increasing the temperature increased the rate of release of slow-acting K in the soil. Sparks and Liebhardt studied the effect of temperature on the K+ equilibrium process in the soil and found that increasing the temperature increased the selective adsorption of K+ by the soil. The experimental results of Jin Jiyun et al. (1992) show that as the temperature increases, the soil supply capacity increases and the cushioning performance decreases. The results of this study indicate that temperature can change the Q/I relationship of soil K. Increasing the temperature increases the activity of K+ in soil solution and improves the K capacity of soil. It can be seen that soil temperature is an important factor that can affect the dynamic changes of K in soil and the ability of soil to supply K. Especially in areas where there are frequent cold and cold damage in early spring in northern China, the effect of temperature may be more obvious.

4. Soil temperature has a great influence on the properties of soil media, especially for soil conductance. Li Chengbao and Mao Zegeng (1989) used brick red soil, red soil, red soil, yellow brown soil, coastal salt soil, inland salt soil and soda salt soil as test materials, and measured the different soil treatments and their conductance with thermistor temperature sensor. Rate and temperature regression statistics. The results show that under the experimental conditions, the correlation coefficient α between soil conductivity and temperature is 0.960 ~ 0.999, which has a good linear relationship. Soil conductivity increases with increasing temperature. The amount of change in conductivity ("conductivity temperature variability") caused by each temperature increase of 1 °C varies depending on the soil medium, and the order is: saline soil > yellow brown soil > variable charge soil. The order of conductance temperature variability between different soils is: coastal saline soil > inland saline soil > soda saline soil > yellow brown soil > brick red soil > red soil > red soil.

5. The impact on soil moisture conditions. The effect of soil temperature on soil moisture is multifaceted. When the soil temperature rises, the viscosity and surface tension of the soil water decrease, and the permeability coefficient of the soil water increases accordingly. The water permeability coefficient is 2 times that of 0 °C at a soil temperature of 25 °C. The free energy of soil moisture is closely related to soil temperature. Zhang Yiping (1990) used Shaanxi red oil soil, bauxite and black soil as test soil samples. The test results showed that temperature had a significant effect on soil water potential, and all three soils showed soil water suction with temperature. Reduced features. There was a significant negative correlation between temperature and water absorption in the measured water content range, and the correlation coefficient (r) was -0.990 6 ~ 0.999 0 (n=5). This is due to the decrease in water viscosity and surface tension as the temperature increases. When the suction is equal, the water temperature is lower when the temperature is higher.

6. Effects on biological processes in the soil. The effect of soil temperature on microbial activity is extremely significant. Most soil microbial activities require temperatures from 15 °C to 45 °C. In this temperature range, the higher the temperature, the stronger the microbial activity. If the soil temperature is too low or too high, beyond this temperature range, microbial activity is inhibited, which affects the humus or mineralization process of the soil, affecting the morphological transformation of various nutrients, and affecting the nutrient supply of the plants. For example, ammoniated bacteria and nitrifying bacteria are most active at a soil temperature of 28 ° C to 30 ° C. If the soil temperature is too low, the nitrification is extremely weak, and the N nutrient supply of the crop is insufficient. Nitrification stops when the soil temperature reaches 52 °C.

Through various examples, we have realized that soil temperature has an inseparable impact on crop growth and development, and input and output. Suitable temperature and moisture will have a total effect on crop yield increase and crop yield and crop quality. Therefore, further Strengthening the monitoring of soil moisture temperature and rationally adjusting soil water and fertilizer and ground temperature are the major trends in agricultural development. China is a big agricultural country. As a descendant of the Yellow Emperor, we should all actively contribute to the development of agriculture, make an effort to increase production and income of farmland, and rational use of agricultural equipment, instruments and instruments is an essential tool for agricultural development. If we can apply scientific farming and rational treatment of land, it will show a new landscape for China's agricultural development.

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