Draw the most detailed human brain map ever
August 01, 2016 Source: Bio Valley
Window._bd_share_config={ "common":{ "bdSnsKey":{ },"bdText":"","bdMini":"2","bdMiniList":false,"bdPic":"","bdStyle":" 0","bdSize":"16"},"share":{ }};with(document)0[(getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||body).appendChild(createElement('script')) .src='http://bdimg.share.baidu.com/static/api/js/share.js?v=89860593.js?cdnversion='+~(-new Date()/36e5)]; The era of great navigation has been around for a long time, but at least one other area is still largely unexplored: the human brain. Now, in a new study, researchers from the St. Louis School of Medicine at the University of Washington in the United States have drawn the most detailed map of the human cerebral cortex to date, in which the cortex is the outermost layer of the brain and is involved in sensory perception and attention. And the main structures of distinct human functions such as language, tool use, and abstract thinking. The relevant research results were published online in the journal Nature on July 20, 2016, and the title of the paper is "A multi-modal parcellation of human cerebral cortex".
For scientists studying brain diseases such as autism, schizophrenia, dementia and epilepsy, this new map will be a big hit. Scientists will be able to use it to understand the difference between the brains of patients with these diseases and the brains of healthy adults. It will also speed up the working mechanism of the healthy brain and clarify what makes us such a unique species.
The researchers used a five-year, multi-million dollar study, the Human Connectome Project, led by the author of the paper, Dr. David Van Essen, to generate data and methods. The Human Connect Group plans to map the brains of 1,200 young people using a powerful custom MRI machine. This new study complements the Human Connected Group program by carefully mapping the boundaries of different regions of the brain to more accurately map the connections between them.
This new map divides the left and right hemispheres into 180 regions based on physical differences (such as cortical thickness), functional differences (such as which regions respond to language stimuli), and differences in brain regions. Brain cartography doesn't just notice that there is a "river" in the "mountain", because most areas of the brain look the same on the surface. This map is more like a map showing the state boundaries, not just the topographical features; from the sky, the most important dividing line is not only invisible, but also looks the same.
Van Essen said, "The brain is not like a computer that can support any kind of operating system and run any software. But, to put it this way, software (how the brain works) is associated with hardware (brain structure). If you want To discover what the brain can do, you have to understand how it is assembled and connected."
The researchers mapped out the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex plays an important role in feeling, attention, memory, perception, thought, language, and consciousness.
In the first decade of the 19th century, German neuroanatomist Korbinian Brodmann first mapped the human cerebral cortex. He identified 50 areas, including areas that were subsequently confirmed to be involved in visual, linguistic, and sensory processing.
Nearly a century later, when the first author of the paper, Dr. Matthew Glasser, began to study the connections between language regions in the brain, Brodmann's mapping and how it was commonly used in neuroimaging made him frustrated.
Glasser said, "Our earlier research on the connectivity of the linguistic regions of the brain involved holding the map that was drawn 100 years ago and trying to guess which areas of the brain are associated with the neural pathways behind them in the map drawn by Brodmann. I quickly realized that we needed a better way to map the regions in the living brain we are studying."
To map this new map, Glasser, Van Essen, and colleagues brought together data from 210 healthy young people (both male and female). The researchers combined the thickness measurements of the cerebral cortex, the degree of insulation around the nerve connections with the MRI scans of the brain at rest, and the MRI scans of the brain when performing simple tasks such as listening to stories.
Glasser said, "We finally found 180 areas in each brain hemisphere, but we don't think this is the final number. In some cases, we identified a cerebral cortex that is likely to be further subdivided, but we use our current Data and technology We can't draw a demarcation line with confidence. In the future, scientists who develop better methods will be able to further subdivide this area. We focus on the boundaries we are sure to stand the test of time."
In these areas, some areas are clearly involved in specific tasks, such as the 55b area, when a person listens to a story, there is activity in that area. Other areas involve people's vision, or participation in motion control. Most areas are likely to never be identified as having a single function, because they don't just do one thing, they instead coordinate information from many different signals.
In the 100 years between Brodmann's map and the maps drawn by Glasser and Van Essen, many other cerebral cortical maps have been mapped, identifying 50 to 200 different regions. In this new study, researchers accurately align these brains with a common coordinate system before analysis, using an algorithm developed by colleagues at Oxford University in the UK and the high-quality MRI that will be available. The data is integrated and eventually improved on the previously drawn map. The researchers also confirmed that their methods could be applied to individuals by mapping the cerebral cortex of another 210 different healthy young people.
The result is that the researcher draws a precise map with a very clear dividing line and an algorithm that determines the location of different regions of the individual's brain, even from the cortical fold pattern, the size and shape of the region in the cortical map. Everyone is very unique.
Glasser said, “In the past, it was not always clear whether the results from two different neuroimaging studies involved the same region of the brain.†By using this new map and alignment algorithm, the results of different studies may be even more Compare accurately.
A better personal brain map may also be very useful. University of Washington neurosurgeons have used less detailed personal brain maps when preparing for surgery to avoid harming the most important areas of the brain, such as those involved in language or motor function.
Personal brain maps may also guide the treatment of neurological or psychiatric disorders. For example, different dementias are characterized by neurodegeneration in different regions of the brain. Clinicians may use individual brain maps to perform personalized treatments on affected areas or to monitor treatment response.
Like ancient map makers, brain plotters provide a tool for others to explore and discover.
Van Essen said, “We can persuade Nature to publish more than 200 pages of detail in each of the 180 brain regions of each brain hemisphere and all the algorithms we used to align the brain and map the map. We think it It will best serve the scientific community if scientists are interested in obtaining these maps on their computer screens and doing in-depth research where they see fit.
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